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Manual Control—Force Perception
Published in Alfred T. Lee, Vehicle Simulation, 2017
The feedback from this motor act is necessary in order to determine whether the action plan task goal has been met. In many control acts, there are usually several potential feedback sources. There may be a visual verification that the control act is completed by simply viewing the control device displacement or, as is more common in vehicle control, the physical force feedback sensed by the tactile receptors combined with the proprioception of displacement. These multiple perceptions are sent to an area of perceptual-motor integration in the posterior parietal cortex. Here, all the available perceptual inputs are processed. This may include the application of the weightings regarding the reliability or relevance of each input to the completion of the task at hand. The results of this processing are transmitted back to the motor cortex, which sends commands to the cerebellum and then to the spinal cord. Finally, signals are transmitted to the appropriate musculature.
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Published in Robert B. Pinter, Bahram Nabet, Nonlinear Vision: Determination of Neural Receptive Fields, Function, and Networks, 1992
The brain structure most closely related to the present model is the posterior parietal cortex. This brain structure “is the most likely location of cells coding the location of visual stimuli in space, since clinical and experimental studies implicate it as essential for accurate spatial orientation and perception” (Critchley, 1982). Recordings of single neurons in this area from behaving monkeys show visual responses that are dependent on the angle of gaze (Sakata et al., 1980; Anderson et al., 1985). In the Anderson et al. experiment, monkeys performed a task in which they oriented their eyes to targets at different visual maps starting from various orbital positions of the eye, with head fixed. Visually sensitive neurons in the posterior parietal cortex showed response tuning to target coordinates.
The athletes’ visuomotor system – Cortical processes contributing to faster visuomotor reactions
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Thorben Hülsdünker, Heiko K. Strüder, Andreas Mierau
Visual information has to be transferred into a motor command, a process often referred to as visuomotor transformation. To this end, visual areas connect to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a multisensory cortical area that forms an interface between sensory and motor regions (Grefkes, Ritzl, Zilles, & Fink, 2004). Via the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), cortico-cortical fibres from the PPC reach the pre- and supplementary motor region (BA6) in the frontal lobe of the cortex (Makris et al., 2005; Matelli, Govoni, Galletti, Kutz, & Luppino, 1998). BA6 is well established to play a crucial role during visuomotor reactions as it facilitates planning and execution of movement in response to a sensory stimulus. This includes not only reaching and grasping (Gerbella, Rozzi, & Rizzolatti, 2017) but also simple visuomotor reactions. Specifically, increasing BA6 excitability with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) accelerated VMRT (Carlsen, Eagles, & MacKinnon, 2015). Conversely, BA6 inhibition by cathodal tDCS as well as disruption of BA6 function by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) significantly delayed VMRT (Carlsen et al., 2015; Schluter, Rushworth, Mills, & Passingham, 1999).