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A Neuroergonomics Approach to Human Performance in Aviation
Published in Michael A. Vidulich, Pamela S. Tsang, Improving Aviation Performance through Applying Engineering Psychology, 2019
Frédéric Dehais, Daniel Callan
To investigate this issue, Causse et al. (2013) used a simplified, but plausible, landing task based on a standard cockpit instrument landing system, to estimate changes in brain activity related either to the type of incentive (neutral or financial) or the level of uncertainty (low or high as manipulated by the degree of flight path deviation). A payoff matrix was designed to reproduce the negative consequences linked with the decision to go-around in a manner efficient enough to provoke risky behavior. Combined with behavioral outcomes, the neuroimaging results revealed a shift from rational to erroneous decision-making in response to uncertainty when financial incentive was present. Whereas a large network of prefrontal regions (responsible for rational decision-making) was observed in response to increased uncertainty, a different collection of brain regions, not including the frontal regions, was found when biased financial incentive was combined with uncertainty. Participants with poor decision-making performance who adopted more risky behavior demonstrated lower activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This interesting outcome demonstrated that reward and uncertainty can temporarily jeopardize rational decision-making supported by a specific cerebral network during complex and ecologically valid tasks. This approach provides neurocognitive correspondence on erroneous decision-making made by pilots.
Transcranial Magnetic and Electric Stimulation
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Shoogo Ueno, Masaki Sekino, Tsukasa Shigemitsu
Current evidence is that major depression is associated with prefrontal cortex asymmetry (Lin, 2016). The efficiency of rTMS treatment for depression is related to high-frequency simulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, the effect of rTMS in healthy subjects is still unclear. Moulier et al. (2016) determined the impact of ten sessions of high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS with Magstim Super Rapid stimulator applied to the DLPFC on mood and emotion recognition in healthy subjects (right-handed volunteers aged 18–65 years old). The TMS coil was positioned on the left DLPFC through neuronavigation. This study was conducted as a two-arm double-blind randomized trial. Twenty healthy right-handed subjects with aged between 18 and 65 years old were randomly assigned to an active rTMS-treated group (n = 10) or a sham-treated group (n = 10). The delivery parameters were as follows: twenty-five 8 s trains of 10 Hz; 30 s intertrain intervals; 2,000 pulses/session. In total, 10 rTMS sessions were programmed every workday for 2 weeks. In conclusion, this study did not show any deleterious effect on mood and emotion recognition of 10 rTMS sessions applied on DLPFC in healthy subjects. Compared to sham-treated group, the active rTMS-treated group presented a significant improvement in their adaptation to daily life.
Brain Processes During Expert Cognitive-Motor Performance: The Impact of Mental Stress and Emotion Regulation
Published in Steven Kornguth, Rebecca Steinberg, Michael D. Matthews, Neurocognitive and Physiological Factors During High-Tempo Operations, 2018
Bradley D. Hatfield, Amy J. Haufler
What remains unclear at this time are the processes involved during self-initiated emotion regulation or the control of fear. Such psychological control starts with the executive processes (inhibitory) that are largely housed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that, in turn, impact the activity of the emotional processes that are largely housed in the inferior regions of the frontal lobe. Such a role has been described by Ochsner et al. (2002). Importantly, the dampening of such emotion-related processes is enabled by the anatomic connection between the inferior frontal lobe and the amygdalae. This axis or pathway can be strategically controlled by the DLPFC, which would serve as a central and pivotal brain region that would exert enormous influence in the self-initiated control of fear and attendant arousal-related sequelae (Ochsner and Gross 2005, Ochsner et al. 2004). It follows that frontal and limbic activation would be inversely related during adaptive emotion regulation such that heightened frontal activity would be accompanied by diminished response in the amygdalae compared to passive fear states. An important question is if this partnership between the frontal and limbic regions is stronger in individuals who have distinguished themselves in emotionally demanding situations such as the Army Special Forces training. Beyond the dynamic activation profile described above, of heightened frontal activation and lowered limbic activation, the anatomical connections between these regions can also be captured through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
Neurocognitive feedback: a prospective approach to sustain idea generation during design brainstorming
Published in International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, 2022
Mo Hu, Tripp Shealy, Julie Milovanovic, John Gero
The PFC functionally divides into sub-regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), which contribute to different aspects of creative processing. The mPFC is associated with the retrieval of both short-term and long-term memories (Euston et al., 2012), cognitive empathy and perspective taking (Seitz et al., 2006). Increased activation in the mPFC is associated with an improved ability to simulate future imaginative events (Meyer et al., 2019). The DLPFC is highly active in creative tasks involving visuospatial divergent thinking, making new associations, convergent thinking, and evaluations (Funahashi, 2017). The VLPFC is critical for combining existing information into new ideas (Dietrich, 2004; Wu et al., 2015).