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Introduction
Published in Shoogo Ueno, Bioimaging, 2020
TMS is a technique to stimulate the human brain transcranially by a coil positioned on the surface of the head. Barker et al. in the UK reported TMS using a round coil to stimulate the human brain in 1985 (Barker et al., 1985). The success of human brain stimulation by TMS brought a strong impact on the scientific community. By TMS with a round coil, however, it was difficult to stimulate a targeted area of the brain. Ueno et al. proposed a method of localized brain stimulation by TMS with a figure-eight coil in 1988 (Ueno et al., 1988), and succeeded in human brain stimulation within a 5-mm resolution (Ueno et al., 1989, Ueno et al., 1990). TMS with a figure-eight coil enables localized stimulation of the cerebral cortex and is now used worldwide in cognitive brain research, clinical neurophysiology, and other basic and clinical medicine (Ueno, 1994). Around 1995–2000, repetitive TMS (rTMS) was developed, and it began being used in the treatment of various intractable neurological and neuropsychological diseases including depression as reported by George and Wassermann in 1994 (George and Wassermann, 1994). Risk and safety aspects of rTMS with pulse trains of high frequencies need to be investigated (Wassermann 1998, Pascual-Leone et al., 2002). The therapeutic applications of rTMS have been accelerated in recent years, and, for example, an international symposium on rTMS treatments was organized by Youichi Saitoh in Japan in 2016, where rTMS treatments of intractable pain, Parkinson’s disease, stroke recovery and rehabilitation, and depression were discussed (Saitoh, 2016).
Extremely low frequency field safety
Published in Riadh Habash, BioElectroMagnetics, 2020
TMS is a diagnostic tool for the investigation of disorders of the spinal cord and motor dysfunctions, but also a recent instrument for the treatment of some psychiatric diseases ranging from depression to schizophrenia. Bottauscio et al. [50] investigated the exposure experienced by the nursing staff executing TMS and proposed a shielding system composed of an aluminum half-cylinder placed around the coil. The analysis is carried out through a FEM approach, using the Duke (Virtual Family) anatomical model to represent the operator body. The results show that the operator exposure exceeds the basic restrictions suggested by the Guidelines of the ICNIRP when the distance from the coil decreases below 64 cm, but the minimal distance is reduced to 38 cm by the conductive shield. Moreover, the staff exposure reduces when the coil overlooks the operator’s head, while it worsens as the position of the coil descends to the height of shoulders and chest.
Electrical Brain Stimulation to Treat Neurological Disorders
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method to excite neurons in the brain: weak electric currents are induced in the tissue by rapidly changing magnetic fields (electromagnetic induction).32 This way, brain activity can be triggered with minimal discomfort, and the functionality of the circuitry and connectivity of the brain can be studied.
A critical review on the impact of built environment on users’ measured brain activity
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2021
Sameh Azzazy, Amirhosein Ghaffarianhoseini, Ali GhaffarianHoseini, Nicola Naismith, Zohreh Doborjeh
More recently, there have been more advanced techniques that provide higher time resolution, faster response, and can measure the brain activity in real time (Bear, Connors, and Paradiso 2016), such as: Electro-Encephalography (EEG): This measures the fluctuations in the electrical signals across the brain by using sensitive electrodes placed on the subject’s scalp. The electric signals are collected instantaneously from the multiple electrode locations resulting in real-time brain activity mapping (Nidal and Malik 2014).Magnetic Encephalography (MEG): Measures the tiny changes in the magnetic field generated by the electric current in the brain. The signals are perceived by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) sensors. The signals are very small (10−15 Tesla) so to avoid contamination, the recordings take place in a magnetically isolated room (Bear, Connors, and Paradiso 2016).Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): This depends on electromagnetic induction by creating a magnetic field through the subject’s skull which causes a tiny electric current in the subject’s brain, simulating the neural tissues. TMS has been used generally in exploring visual perception yet it is considered hazardous and must be used with caution as it may cause seizures (Zillmer, Spiers, and Culbertson 2007).
High-sensitivity and spatial resolution transient magnetic and electric field probes for transcranial magnetic stimulator characterizations
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2018
Qinglei Meng, Michael Daugherty, Prashil Patel, Sudhir Trivedi, Xiaoming Du, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technology is one of the highly used stimulation tools for diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. It takes the advantage of magnetic field’s penetration depth into scalp, skull, and brain tissues, since none of these materials are ferromagnetic materials. Nerve tissues are stimulated by the induced electric field, which is generated by a time-varying magnetic field surrounding the TMS coils. Through neural plasticity, the stimulated regions can undergo physiological changes and achieve medical effects.[1] Physiological effects of nerve systems depend on parameters of stimulation, such as repetition rate,[2] intensity, interval, duration, stimulated position, and direction.[3] It is important and necessary to be able to detect the induced electric field distribution surrounding the TMS coil to map the excitation areas and achieve targeted stimulations. Early researches on induced electric field measurements included two main methods, one of which was to use probes to directly detect current, so the probes replaced a volume of brain tissue with an equivalent conductive path.[4] Larsen and Sances’ group used this kind of method and measured induced current from time-varying magnetic field inside tissue.[567] Their results demonstrated that the method was able to improve measurement accuracy in media with low conductivity. However, the prerequirement is that they will need very low contact impedance between probe and tissue. Furthermore, one disadvantage is that placing probes may cause tissue displacement.
Robot-assisted transcranial magnetic stimulation using hybrid position/force control
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2020
Prakarn Jaroonsorn, Paramin Neranon, Pruittikorn Smithmaitrie, Charoenyutr Dechwayukul
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was firstly proposed more than 30 years ago. It is a non-invasive technique for studying human brain-behaviour using a pulsed magnetic field [1]. TMS is an excellent inventional tool. It has been commonly utilized in brain physiology and used as a therapeutic tool in remedy psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression [2], Parkinson’s disease [3], etc. The principle of TMS is to stimulate a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic pulse induced by a rapidly changing magnetic field, as shown in Figure 1(a) [4].