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Endophytes as Potential Plant Growth Promoters in Forestry
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Vinay Kumar, Lata Jain, Sorabh Chaudhary, Ravindra Soni
Plants have evolved to form complex, beneficial relationships with the microorganisms in their surroundings and associated with plant microbiome. Among them, endophytes are the microbes that live inside the plant tissue, causing any negative symptoms or disease in the host. These microbes are known to involve various plant developmental processes starting from the germination of seeds and development seedling, adaptation of plant under the environmental conditions, growth and development of plant. In addition to these, microbes can transfer vertically from seed to the progeny, as similar to the transfer of hereditary traits and protecting the host from the adverse effect of biotic and abiotic stresses (Goel et al. 2018a; Lata et al. 2018; Kumar et al. 2019; Kumar et al. 2020c; Dubey et al. 2020; Kumar et al. 2020a). PGP bacteria infects roots confers nutrient acquisition to the host plants (Backer et al. 2018). Production of phytohormone which are essential for plant growth and solubilization of minerals antimicrobial activities against pest and pathogens (Berg 2009; Goel et al. 2017; Turbat et al. 2020). Higher plants have been reported to the host bacterial and fungal endophytes in a symbiotic plant-microbe interaction where associated microbes provide assured benefits to their hosts in exchanging the nutrients derived from the host. Such interactions are called as symbiotic interactions/relations (Lugtenberg et al. 2002; Helpern et al. 2015; Bamisile et al. 2018; Khare et al. 2018; Goel et al. 2018b).
Core Microbiome of Solanum Lycopersicum for Sustainable Agroecosystems
Published in Javid A. Parray, Suhaib A. Bandh, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbes, 2022
Anamika Chattopadhyay, G. Thiribhuvanamala
Endophytes in tomatoes can be either beneficial or detrimental and can switch between mutualistic and parasitic life approaches. They benefit the plant in its growth and development by producing growth hormones, antibiotics, and toxicants. They also help in the enhancement of the nutrient uptake and aggregate the plant’s tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, the survival of endophytes can include modifying/encouraging the gene expression of the plant’s defense mechanisms and metabolic pathways, and, reliant on the type of interaction, associates of the endosphere microbiome can make both local and systemic alterations in the host. It has been also presented that apart from the advantages above of endophytes; they can also combat pests and diseases and act as biocontrol agents. For example, it has been found that a beneficial endophyte Fusarium solani strain K, isolated from the roots of tomato has direct and indirect defense mechanisms against spider mites Tetranychus urticae which also a pest of tomato (Pappas et al., 2018). This again helps in reduction in the use of chemicals, in turn playing a significant role in maintaining sustainability in agroecosystems.
Endophytic Microorganisms from Synanthropic Plants
Published in Amitava Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Bioremediation Science From Theory to Practice, 2021
Olga Marchut-Mikolajczyk, Piotr Drozdzynski
One of the most important abilities of endophytes is plant growth promotion. It can be achieved by the production of phytohormones. The most frequent compound that endophytic bacteria synthesizes is indoleacetic acid (IAA), which belongs to auxins, which induce main root elongation and lateral root production (Reinhold-Hurek and Hurek 1998, Strobel 2003, Klama 2004). The same effect was observed by Cacciari et al. (1989) during the growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) inoculated by Arthrobacter giacomelloi and Azospirillum brasilense, which have the ability to produce other phytohormones, namely, gibberellins and cytokinins (Cacciari et al. 1989). Also, positive modification of black nightshade roots caused by the production of IAA was observed by Long et al. (2008) (Long et al. 2008). Also, endophytic microorganisms can produce biocontrol agents and therefore, indirectly promote plant growth. The growth of such a plant pathogen as Cryphonecfia parasitica (chestnuts blight) can be inhibited by endophytic Bacillus subtilis, isolated from the xylem sap of chestnut trees, thanks to its antifungal properties (Arthofer and Schafleitner 1997, Gunjal et al. 2018).
Bioprocessing and purification of extracellular L-asparaginase produced by endophytic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its anticancer activity
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Ling Sze Yap, Wai Leng Lee, Adeline Su Yien Ting
Aside from bacteria, L-asparaginase can be sourced from other types of microorganisms including fungi, algae and endophytes.[3] These microbial-based L-asparaginases are preferred as the production can be manipulated through microbial growth stimulation, either through optimum culture conditions or genetic modification, to yield sufficient L-asparaginase for use. In this study, L-asparaginase was sourced from endophytes, which are microorganisms such as fungi or bacteria that are found living asymptomatically inside the plant tissues. Endophytes are known to be able to co-evolve with host plants, resulting in the production of similar bioactive compounds to host plants. As such, endophytes from medicinal plants, especially fungal endophytes, are highly sought for valuable bioactive compounds with possible therapeutic properties.[5] Bioactive compounds harvested from endophytic fungi such as enzymes, alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids are reportedly with anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.[6]
Application of enzyme-assisted extraction of baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Xiao-Di Ma, Xin-Guo Zhang, Si-Jia Guo, Guo-Yan Ma, Wen-Jie Liu, Nan Wang, Ming Feng, Yu Su
The plant cell wall is a dense structure composed of polysaccharides that can prevent the release of active ingredients in herbs. Nevertheless, cellulase can destroy the structure of the cell wall, contribute to the dissolution of active ingredients, and improve the efficiency of extraction.[10] Endophytes are microorganisms that are ubiquitously present in plant tissues, plant organelles, or intercellular spaces while causing no known symptoms.[15] After long-term evolution, endophytes and host plants form a close reciprocal symbiotic relationship. In addition to absorbing nutrients from the host, endophytes also have some beneficial characteristics, such as promoting plant growth and resisting pathogen invasion.[16] As speculated in our previous study,[17] specific endophytic strains may have a high activity of cellulase, which can digest plant cellulose to improve their survival opportunities. Therefore, when compared with commercial enzymes, these endophytic cellulases have a higher specificity for the plant cell wall and provide excellent results in enzyme-assisted plant extraction. In the present study, we aimed to optimize and improve traditional extraction methods by producing cellulases by endophytes that were used for the extraction of baicalin from S. baicalensis Georgi (Fig. S2). This study may help to develop a new method and improve the extraction of medically important compounds from plants by using endophyte cellulases.
Effects of microbial inoculations and surfactant levels on biologically- and chemically-assisted phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil by maize (Zea Mays L.)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2018
Ebrahim Asilian, Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei, Abdolmajid Ronaghi, Mozhgan Sepehri, Ali Niazi
Assisted phytoremediation of Pb is of great interest in calcareous soils of southern Iran and the influences of some chemical treatments such as EDTA [12], humic acid and plant growth regulators [24] and different mycorrhizal fungi, i.e. Glomus mosseae [12], Rhizophagus intraradices and Glomus versiforme [5] on the phytoremediation of Pb in calcareous soils of southern Iran have been investigated in our previous researches. However, limited research (if any) have been conducted on the influence of some biological treatments, e.g. non-mycorrhizal endophytic fungi and bacteria and also chemical treatments like surfactant on such soils. Endophytic microorganisms could improve plant growth in HM-polluted soils not only through improving plant growth and enhancing nutrients availability but also through controlling plant pathogens or increasing plant resistance against pathogens [25]. The fact that biological remediation using microorganism is economical, environmental friendly, and has widespread acceptance while chemical methods are not cost effective, could cause secondary pollution and produce toxic byproducts [26], demonstrating the superiority of microbial-assisted methods compared to chemical methods. The main objective of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the influence of surfactant levels and also inoculation of the plant with P. fluorescens bacterium and P. indica fungus on Pb phytoremediation in a Pb-polluted calcareous soil by maize (Zea mays L.).