China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Reduction and Fixation of Sacroiliac joint Dislocation by the Combined Use of S1 Pedicle Screws and an Iliac Rod
Published in Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White, Advances in Spinal Fusion, 2003
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White
It has been known since the 1950s that stressed bones develop negative potentials relative to other areas of the bone [17,18]. Bassett et al. [19] measured negative potentials in compressed areas of long bone and found new growth preferentially in areas where an electrical current had been supplied to dog femurs. Since then many investigators have confirmed the use of electrical stimulation as an adjunct to bone growth and remodeling including promotion of fracture union and spinal pseudarthrosis repair. Electrical stimulation for clinical use has three distinct forms [20]. One form uses direct current electric stimulation (DCES) produced by a generator to deliver electric energy via surgically implanted electrodes into the fusion bed. The alternative methods apply electric stimulation in the form of either pulsing electromagnetic fields (PEMF) or capaci-tively coupled electric energy. PEMFs and capacitively coupled electric fields may be delivered through external electrodes or corset-like apparatus [20]. Direct Current Electric Stimulation
Mechanisms of Action in Bioelectromagnetics
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Bioengineering and Biophysical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Since the days of Galvani, it has been known that electrical stimulation of nerve and muscle cells is possible. In addition to simply making a quiescent cell function, properly timed pulses can entrain a nerve, changing its normal timing somewhat so that it follows the external stimulus. External electric stimulation has been used for purposes ranging such as regulation of heartbeats, amelioration of pain, or making muscles function after nerve injuries (Coster and Celler, 2003; Peckham and Knutson, 2005; Zaghi et al., 2010). The principle behind these applications is the depolarization of the nerve membranes (Saunders and Jefferys, 2002).
Medical Devices and Systems Exposure and Dosimetry
Published in James C. Lin, Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems, 2016
Scientific studies have proven the validity of treatment by electrical stimulation. To generate intracorporal electric signals, three types of technologies are clinically available: (1) contact currents, (2) capacitive coupling, and (3) inductive coupling (Gan and Glazer 2006). Inductive coupling by pulsed magnetic therapy (PMT), also called pulsed EMF therapy (PEMF), is most commonly used in orthopedics for the treatment of nonunion fractures or failed fusions (pseudarthrosis).
The Risks Associated with the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Review
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
Brandon J. King, Gemma J. M. Read, Paul M. Salmon
The risk theme of Physical Health (36% of articles) is comprised of the risks of bodily injury during BCI implantation and use, and the failure and degradation of BCI materials. Bodily risks to invasive BCI users are predominantly identified in the sensor implantation process with the potential for hemorrhages, thrombosis and infections (Cheshire, 2019a; Clausen, 2008, 2013; Glannon, 2014; Grübler et al., 2014; Hildt, 2011, 2015; Klein, 2016; Klein & Ojemann, 2016; Lee et al., 2013; McGie et al., 2013a; Reilly, 2020; Ryu & Shenoy, 2009; Steinert & Friedrich, 2020). Wired connections from invasive BCIs protruding through the skull also introduce risks of infection and surface tissue damage (Klein, 2016; Lee et al., 2013). Potential long-term effects include neural scarring, impacts to cortical functioning and neural damage resulting from electrical stimulation (Alpert, 2008; Grübler et al., 2014; Hildt, 2011; 2015; Obidin et al., 2020; Ryu & Shenoy, 2009). However, it is noted that no articles in this review empirically evaluated these long-term risks. This may be due to the early stage of in-human BCI research, which has so far involved limited numbers of participants for short time periods.
A Systematic Review on Muscle Stimulation Techniques
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
Nishtha Kashyap, Vinay Kumar Baranwal, Bijit Basumatary, Rajinder Bansal, Ashish Sahani
The two main modalities are used in muscle stimulation: functional electrical stimulation (FES) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). A quick comparison had been made between both. In their study, 10 subjects were asked to use a FES device and 13 subjects were asked to use NMES with pulses of 10 Sec ON and 10 Sec OFF. All the participants were allowed to use the device for 10 min three days a week. The parameters used for the study were gait speed, single limb stance gait symmetry and quadriceps isometric peak strength ratio. From the study it has been found that participants in both FES and NMES groups regained pre-ACLR gait speed. However, in the FES group, 82% strength was gained in their pre quadriceps, and in the NMES group, only 47% strength was gained in early rehabilitation [38]. Six articles has been taken in which upper-extremity improved [28,34,39–41,52] and another seven for lower extremity rehabilitation [30,31,33,36–38,54]. Improvement in gait by using FES in SCI and stroke patients [27,32]. Foot drop impairment rehabilitation was done by FES with microcontroller-based [29] and with EMG modulated based [32]. A portable FES device is used to support walking patients having osteoarthritis in the knee [47]. Real-time FES by EMG guided in upper limb rehabilitation [35]. In only one paper, waveform comparison has been made between rectangular and exponential. In paralysis, the exponential waveform proved to be better in torque production [51]. The stimulation of denervated muscle (skeletal muscle) requires a much higher pulse width because it no longer has functional neurones that innervate it [31,38]. With the help of TENS, a low-frequency stimulation, the author forms a low-cost device that monitors neuromuscular blockade [39].
Wearable electronic textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2019
David Tyler, Jane Wood, Tasneem Sabir, Chloe McDonnell, Abu Sadat Muhammad Sayem, Nick Whittaker
Imparting electrical stimulation to the muscle to improve training performance and reduce soreness is well documented. It is not disputed that this garment could provide this stimulation. However, physical connection of the guard to the power source could inhibit wearers movement and the zip fastening along the shin has the potential to cause the wearer some discomfort after a period of wear. Future development of this type of product could include investigations into alternative fastenings and wireless powering of the electrodes.