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Anti-Inflammatory Compounds Derived from Marine Macroalgae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin, David W. Morton
Oxylipins are important signaling molecules that regulate a variety of events associated with physiological and pathological processes. In mammals, eicosanoids that are derived from unsaturated C20 fatty acids, regulate the initiation and resolution of inflammation (Jagusch et al. 2020). In plants, oxylipins mainly serve as signal molecules regulating developmental processes, plant stress response, and innate immunity (Blée 2002). Marine algae also produce structurally diverse bioactive oxylipins as a defense to physical or abiotic stress (e.g. freeze-thawing), biotic stress (attack by pathogens) and to provide innate immunity (Weinberger et al. 2011). Plant oxylipins are mostly derived from linoleic and more importantly α‑linolenic acids that are released from their lipid associations by various acyl hydrolases (lipases). Kaye and co-workers found that some algae species required more α-linoleic acid when exposed to lower temperature, higher salinity or nitrogen starvation (Kaye et al. 2015). Algal oxylipins may help in interactions with the environment and with other organisms, helping algae survive in extreme conditions, being continuously challenged by a number of potentially pathogenic organisms and exposed to ecological changes.
Microalgal Biomass: An Opportunity for Sustainable Industrial Production
Published in Arun Kumar, Jay Shankar Singh, Microalgae in Waste Water Remediation, 2021
Microalgal lipids contain significant amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are gaining significance in pharmaceuticals (Koller et al. 2014, Polishchuk et al. 2015). The important microalgal PUFAs are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaneoic acid (DHA) and Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) which play an important role the human metabolism as they are precursors of the signaling molecules known as eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are known for their function of signaling molecules in mammals which participate in cell growth, immune response, inflammation and blood pressure regulation (Karmali 1996). Although the human body is able to synthesize all the precursors of eicosanoids, but their amounts are found to be sub-optimal, and to make up the total requirement, fish or fish oil are recommended as an excellent source. There are various microalgae species such as Nannochloropsis sp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum for EPA (Koller et al. 2014, Polishchuk et al. 2015), Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium pavlova lutheri for DHA (Koller et al. 2014), Spirulina(Arthrospira) for GLA and ARA (Mendes et al. 2006) that have been commercially investigated for the production of these fatty acids.
Pro-inflammatory and toxic effects of silver nanoparticles
Published in Ana Rute Neves, Salette Reis, Nanoparticles in Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 2018
Marisa Freitas, Daniela Ribeiro, Paula Silva, Jose L. F. C. Lima, Felix Carvalho, Eduarda Fernandes
Eicosanoids are lipid-derived molecules that are not stored but synthesized de novo as a result of cell activation by several factors, such as mechanical trauma, growth factors, and cytokines. This important family of regulatory molecules is derived from arachidonic acid, which is released from the lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope, the ER, and the Golgi apparatus. There are multiple subfamilies of eicosanoids that play a crucial role in immunity, namely in the inflammatory process, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, as well as lipoxins [26]. Despite the relevance of eicosanoids during the inflammatory process there are just a few studies about whether AgNPs influence the expression of these mediators.
Adding omega-3 fatty acids to a protein-based supplement during pre-season training results in reduced muscle soreness and the better maintenance of explosive power in professional Rugby Union players
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Katherine Elizabeth Black, Oliver C. Witard, Dane Baker, Philip Healey, Victoria Lewis, Francisco Tavares, Sam Christensen, Tom Pease, Brett Smith
Several previous studies, conducted in controlled laboratory settings, report a beneficial effect of fish oil supplementation on the perception of muscle soreness following intense eccentric exercise (Corder et al., 2016; Jouris et al., 2011; Lembke et al., 2014; Tinsley et al., 2016; Tsuchiya, Yanagimoto, Nakazato, Hayamizu, & Ochi, 2016). Consistent with these experimental study findings, the present field-based study, which included a training protocol reflective of professional rugby with progressive resistance training and high volumes of anaerobic training, revealed a moderately beneficial effect of fish oil ingestion on muscle soreness during pre-season Rugby training. Specifically, a moderate beneficial effect of fish oil ingestion was observed on lower limb muscle soreness, whereas the effect on upper body soreness was unclear. We speculate that the beneficial effect of fish oil ingestion was mediated, at least in part, by the modification of the 3-series eicosanoids, 3-series prostaglandins and 5-series leukotriene. The 3-series eicosanoids exhibit lower inflammatory properties than the 2-series eicosanoids (PGE2, 4-series leukotriene) and are proposed to decrease the inflammatory response to exercise and attenuate muscle soreness (Lenn et al., 2002). In support of this theory, muscle soreness is proposed to be associated with biochemical muscle damage to the sarcomere and free radical damage (Lewis et al., 2012). This damage leads to an inflammatory response which may contribute to the sensation of soreness and potentially a decrement in performance (Jakeman, Lambrick, Wooley, Babraj, & Faulkner, 2017). Alternatively, adding fish oil to a protein-based drink may attenuate muscle soreness by protecting the structural integrity of the muscle cell from damage. We previously demonstrated that the increase in plasma CK concentrations following eccentric exercise was reduced with the addition of fish oil to a protein-based supplement (Philpott et al., 2018). These data indicate a reduced leakage of CK from the muscle cell into circulation following fish oil ingestion. Hence, the exact mechanism for fish oil ingestion reducing muscle soreness remains unclear.