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Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Skin healing, thermal regulation, and sweat production all relate to wearable product design. Sores and injuries in the legs can be very difficult to heal for many reasons. Specialized wearable products, wound dressings, can be life-changing for patients with lower extremity skin wounds associated with chronic diseases such as diabetes or CVD. Brown, Ashley, and Koh (2018) review the mechanisms of healing and types of wound dressings. They identify wearable technology options for wound monitoring as part of a wound healing program. Research suggests eccrine sweat glands support both wound healing and the skin microbiome (Alam, Hardman, Paus, & Jimenez, 2018; Poblet et al., 2018).
Optimized protocol for the biocompatibility testing of compression stockings and similar products with close skin contact in vitro
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Cornelia Wiegand, Tanja Hansen, Johanna Köhnlein, Ines Exner, Marlen Damisch-Pohl, Peter Schott, Ulrike Krühner-Wiesenberger, Uta-Christina Hipler, Ernst Pohlen
DIN EN 10993-12 indicates that for testing cytotoxicity the extraction at 37 °C for 24 h in cell culture medium is potentially acceptable. The advantage of using cell culture medium is the prevention of dilution effects during preparation of the test items. Sweat is produced in the body as a secretion from eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. The main components of eccrine sweat are water and salts with only little proteins. Its main task is regulation of body temperature, moistening of the skin, and building of the acid- and water-lipid-barrier of the skin. So the pH of the eccrine sweat is about 4.5, which is rather acidic. Persons with excessive sweating may have a shift of the pH of the eccrine sweat up to pH 6.0 which is more alkaline and less acidic than normal sweating persons. Whereas eccrine sweat glands are distributed all over the body, there are only specific areas with apocrine sweat glands as armpits, nipples, genital and anal area. Due to a mixing of eccrine and apocrine sweat there is a shift of the pH of armpits to an alkaline value of 8.0 on average (Nagel, 2012). For the application of compression stockings it can be expected that the material is in contact with sweat in a pH range of about 4.5 to 6.0. The usage of sweat solution as applied for testing color fastness of textiles (DIN ISO 105-E04, 2008) would be more realistic for testing cytotoxicity of textiles.