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“Omics”
Published in Kirk A. Phillips, Dirk P. Yamamoto, LeeAnn Racz, Total Exposure Health, 2020
Microbes are in close symbiosis with their human hosts and play a vital role in combating infection from pathogens, extracting or synthesizing nutrients (e.g., amino acids, vitamins and isoprenoids) and digesting complex fibers to short-chain fatty acids that are critical for intestinal health (Goodrich et al. 2017, Thomas et al. 2017). The microbiome is critical for educating the immune system and neurodevelopment (Pronovost and Hsiao 2019). Dysbiosis has been associated with a range of human diseases from obesity to gut-brain associated maladaptations (Gilbert et al. 2018). The cell count of the human microbiome at a minimum matches the number of human cells, but expressed as a gene count vastly outnumbers the human gene count and confers significant advantages to the host (Sender et al. 2016).
Targeted Intestinal Delivery of Probiotics
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Kevin Enck, Emmanuel Opara, Alec Jost
These proinflammatory molecules and highly activated proinflammatory pathways are believed to cause obesity and insulin resistance.32–35 From this evidence, it would make sense that a reversal of the dysbiosis could prevent further damage or treat the disease all together. An established successful treatment for obesity and T2D, bariatric surgery, mentioned earlier illustrates this reversal. While it has been shown to be effective, the surgery is expensive, extensive, and exclusive. Patients need to have serious weight-related health problems and all other weight loss efforts would have been unsuccessful among other qualifications for the surgery. For this reason, other treatment options should be investigated to help treat patients before they reach that level of disease state. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is another clinically approved procedure that has been shown to help in the treatment of many gastrointestinal diseases.36–38 In FMT, strains of bacteria from a healthy donor are transplanted into the gut of a patient in order to prevent or treat a disease. When performed on males with insulin resistance, beneficial metabolic effects were observed including improved peripheral insulin sensitivity.39,40 Not every treatment option requires a medical procedure either; diet alone has been shown to alter the gut microbiota towards a healthier state.6,41 By reintroducing therapeutic bacteria into the GIT, through any of the methods mentioned above, intestinal barrier integrity and intestinal immunity are improved, and inflammation has been shown to be reduced.4,42
Prospective Use of Probiotics Immobilized on Sorbents with Nanostructured Surfaces
Published in Zulkhair A. Mansurov, Carbon Nanomaterials in Biomedicine and the Environment, 2020
Irina S. Savitskaya, Aida S. Kistaubayeva, Nuraly S. Akimbekov, Ilya Digel, Dina Shokatayeva, Azhar A. Zhubanova
Dysbiosis is the abnormal microbial colonization of the intestine, where changes in quantity and quality of flora become pathological and harmful. Some of the symptoms and diseases associated with bacterial dysbiosis. Most often observed: gut permeability, endotoxemia, septicemia, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, etc. To restore eubiosis, disturbed microecology, it is necessary to restore the population level of symbiotic microcloflora and the morpho-functional state of the mucosa, where they vegetate. Thus, the task of introducing drugs based on live symbiotic cultures becomes urgent.
Guided dietary fibre intake as a means of directing short-chain fatty acid production by the gut microbiota
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Hemicelluloses present in plant cell walls contain a diversity of chemical constituents and range from xylans to glucans. As will be described later, the chemical structures within these complex polysaccharides are, in themselves, diverse and include branched-chain structures that are amenable to hydrolysis by only certain specialised bacterial species. For example, Bacteroides species have differential growth patterns on xylans, and also on pectins (Centanni et al. 2017; Bell et al. 2018). These observations may lead to opportunities to manipulate the composition and functioning of the gut microbiota in cases where a ‘dysbiosis’ (variation from normal microbiota patterns) occurs in certain diseases or conditions (Brüssow 2016). However, simple rectification of the problem by alteration of the dietary fibre content of the food of individual humans will be difficult without a more comprehensive knowledge of how the microbiota functions as an ecological and metabolic entity.
An overview of the current progress, challenges, and prospects of human biomonitoring and exposome studies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Mariana Zuccherato Bocato, João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez, Christian Hoffmann, Fernando Barbosa
This unique ecosystem present in the human intestine exerts systemic effects on the health of its host. These effects include regulation of energy balance, intestinal angiogenesis, hormonal control, vitamin status, and immune system development (Hooper 2001). The relationship between the microbiome and its human host is considered symbiotic, and the collapse of this harmonic relationship is now known as dysbiosis. Examples of the influence of dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome were previously demonstrated in several diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, colon cancer, as well as several inflammatory bowel diseases (Belizario and Napolitano 2016). Among the health parameters that are known to be associated with the intestinal microbiome including blood hemoglobin, serum HDL cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), plasma uric acid, and hepatic alanine transaminase were found in large European cohorts (Falony et al. 2016).