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Segmentation and Analysis of CT Images for Bone Fracture Detection and Labeling
Published in K.C. Santosh, Sameer Antani, D.S. Guru, Nilanjan Dey, Medical Imaging, 2019
Darshan D. Ruikar, K.C. Santosh, Ravindra S. Hegadi
According to human anatomy, long bones such as femur* or humerus† can be divided into two regions: diaphysisand epiphysis, as shown in Figure 7.1. The middle portion of a bone is known as diaphysis or shaft, whereas the end portion is known as epiphysis. Furthermore, the upper end is called proximal epiphysis, and the lower end is known as distal epiphysis. The bone is majorly made up of two types of tissues: cortical tissue and cancellous tissue. Cortical tissues are present in the outer part of the bone. They are dense and provide strength to the bone, whereas cancellous (trabecular) tissues are found in the inner part of the bone. They have a spongy structure and are helpful in the injury recovery process [3].
Musculoskeletal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Bones develop and grow through primary and secondary ossification centres (Fig. 8.3). Virtually all primary centres are present and ossified at birth. The part of bone ossified from the primary centre is termed the diaphysis. In long bones, the diaphysis forms most of the shaft. Secondary ossification centres occur later in growing bones, most appearing after birth. The secondary centre at the end of a growing long bone is termed the epiphysis. The epiphysis is separated from the shaft of the bone by the epiphyseal growth cartilage or physis. An apophysis is another type of secondary ossification centre that forms a protrusion from the growing bone. Examples of apophyses include the greater trochanter of the femur and the tibial tuberosity. The metaphysis is that part of the bone between the diaphysis and the physis. The diaphysis and metaphysis are covered by periosteum, and the articular surface of the epiphysis is covered by articular cartilage.
Review of Human Anatomy and Some Basic Terminology
Published in Ronald L. Huston, Principles of Biomechanics, 2008
Figure 2.23 depicts the shape of the long bones. They are generally cylindrical with enlarged rounded ends. The long shaft is sometimes called the diaphysis and the rounded ends the epiphyses. The diaphysis is similar to a cylindrical shell with the outer wall composed of hard, compact bone (or cortical), and the cavity filled with soft spongy (or cancellous and sometimes called trabecular) bone [3,4]. The epiphyses with their enlarged shapes provide bearing surfaces for the joints and anchoring for the ligaments and tendons. The ligaments connect adjacent bones together and the tendons connect muscles to the bones.
SalterHarris fractures in paediatric skiers and snowboarders
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2023
Ruikang (Kong Kong) Liu, David R. Howell, Lauren A. Pierpoint, Casey C. Little, Jack Spittler, Morteza Khodaee, Aaron Provance
Plain radiograph images and radiology reports of each patient from the day of their encounter were reviewed and interpreted by one of the authors (R.L.), a sports medicine fellowship trained physician. Any areas of discrepancy or ambiguity were confirmed by another author (A.P.), also sports medicine trained. Each patient was classified based on the bone(s) involved, location of the fracture (epiphysis, metaphysis, isolated physis, diaphysis or other), SH classification (I-V if present, none seen or not applicable) and intra-articular involvement. When multiple fractures in different bones were seen in the same patient, the most severe injury was chosen as the primary fracture included for analysis. When no fracture was identified on x-rays or the radiology report, the encounter note was reviewed to determine whether there was documentation of tenderness at the relevant physis that could change the diagnosis to a non-displaced SH Type I injury with normal x-rays. If there was no documentation (or documentation not available) of physeal tenderness, the patient was recorded as having “no fracture” and excluded from the final analysis. All patients found to have no fracture or other atypical findings were reviewed again by R.L. and A.P. on two separate occasions five months apart to confirm diagnosis.
Effect of hinge length on the lateral cortex fracture in high tibia osteotomy: an XFEM study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
The current study used the XFEM technique and predicted the crack initiation and propagation but it has its own limitations. The mechanical and geometrical parameters such as cortical bone thickness and quality, location and amount of applied force as well as opening technique can play a significant role in the crack initiation, location, and propagation direction. The material behavior in the present study was assumed to be isotropic, linear, and elastic. This assumption is commonly used to lower computing requirements and regards the differences found between osteotomy geometries by changing M and H (Boström et al. 2021). Similar approaches using linear elasticity have been previously employed to determine the critical opening angle leading to crack initiation in two different types of osteotomy cuts (Diffo Kaze et al. 2017). Although some studies have used transverse isotropic models (Ehlinger et al. 2019) with the mechanical properties of the cortical bone shaft extracted from literature. However, the mechanical properties of the epiphysis and metaphysis are different from the diaphysis (Taylor et al. 1998), and those properties around the hinge are the most important for studying lateral cortex failure.
Review on the use of medical imaging in orthopedic biomechanics: finite element studies
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2021
Abdelwahed Barkaoui, Imane Ait Oumghar, Rabeb Ben Kahla
In another study, Chang et al. (2013) focused on the relationship between bone microarchitecture and its mechanical properties. Micro finite element analysis (µFEA) was combined to HR-MRI of bone microarchitecture, in order to determine differences in the overall, cortical, and trabecular bone stiffness in the distal femoral epiphysis, metaphysis, and diaphysis, by comparing modern female dancers to relatively inactive healthy females. The obtained results showed that distal femoral epiphysis, metaphysis, and diaphysis in female dancers presented greater overall and trabecular bone stiffness compared with the control group, and that the greater bone mechanical strength in dancers was mainly generated by the adaptation of trabecular bone to the mechanical impact resulting from physical activity, rather than cortical bone. Because of the larger image voxel size resulting from MRI, compared with those resulting from µCT scans, MRI does not allow to detect differences in cortical bone stiffness and structure. The assessment of the BMD or the geometry adaptation at the mid-diaphysis may help to overcome this limitation.