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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Cutaneous and deep tissue sensory receptors carry signals from the body back to the brain. Receptors in the torso can signal the brain that a wearable is too tight or is irritating the skin surface. While the skin on the torso is generally not as sensitive to stimuli as the skin on the palms and fingers, all torso areas have sensation. Some areas of the upper torso are more sensitive than others. The skin of the chest and breast, along with the belly, which has less bony protection, is more sensitive than the upper back. In the peripheral nervous system, an area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a dermatome. Thoracic spinal nerves (2–12) supply the upper torso dermatomes. If a spinal nerve or sensory nerves in an area of skin are damaged, nerves from adjacent dermatomes and/or cutaneous sensory nerves branch and grow into the damaged area to help restore sensation.
Body mapping of skin friction coefficient and tactile perception during the dynamic skin-textile interaction
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
Mevra Temel, Andrew A. Johnson, Alex B. Lloyd
The static skin friction describes ‘the resistance to the force tangential to the interface which is just sufficient to initiate relative motion between two bodies under load’ (Naz, Jamil, and Sherani 2014). To understand the sensitivity across the body, the stickiness perception was normalised to static skin friction coefficient in this study, and sensitivity mapping was created by calculated sensitivity for each testing body region (Table 1). Similarly, dynamic skin friction describes ‘the friction between two surfaces in relative motion’ (Naz, Jamil, and Sherani 2014). To understanding texture sensitivity across the body, the dynamic skin friction coefficient was associated with texture perception in this study, and the texture perception was normalised to dynamic skin friction coefficient, and sensitivity mapping was created by calculated sensitivity for each testing body region (Table 1). The results revealed that there was a significant difference in the texture and stickiness sensitivity across the testing body regions. This may suggest that mechano-receptors distributions and/or innervations sensitivity might partially explain the reasons that participants perceived their textile sensations to be different across various body regions. Moreover, each spinal nerve carries somatic sensory information from a specific area of the skin on the surface of the body (dermatome) to the central nervous system through the spinal cord (Martini et al. 2014); thus, the transmission of afferent information may vary depending on the spinal level associated with that dermatome.
Transformation of acellular dermis matrix with dicalcium phosphate into 3D porous scaffold for bone regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Weixu Li, Kunkun Sheng, Yongfeng Ran, Jingyi Zhang, Bo Li, Yuqing Zhu, Jiayu Chen, Qianhong He, Xin Chen, Jianwei Wang, Tao Jiang, Xiaohua Yu, Zhaoming Ye
Firstly, the ADM was prepared by decellularization of the porcine dermis. To obtain the porcine dermis, the subcutaneous lipids and epidermal layer of the porcine skin were removed using a dermatome. The porcine dermis was cut into strips, washed with de-ionized water and 0.2% peracetic acid for 2 h to inactivate viruses. The washed dermis was ground into microfibrous using a knife mill (Retsch GM 200, Germany) in 0.9% NaCl solution, and then treated with a series of solutions for decellularization: (1) 24 mM sodium deoxycholate + 0.2% EDTA for 24 h with continuous agitation, (2) 0.9% NaCl solution for 15 rinse-centrifuge cycles.
A Physiological-Based Pharmacokinetic Model For The Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Zinc Pyrithione: II. Dermal Absorption And Dosimetry In The Rat
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Gary L. Diamond, Nicholas P. Skoulis, A. Robert Jeffcoat, J Frank Nash
Full-thickness unclipped dorsal skin was obtained in from Sprague Dawley rats (Crl:CD), at age 6–7 weeks and weighing approximately 200–250 g. Samples were cleaned of subcutaneous fat and connective tissue using a scalpel blade. Split-thickness membranes were prepared by pinning the full-thickness skin, stratum corneum uppermost, onto a raised cork board and cutting at a setting equivalent to 200–400 μm depth using a Zimmer® electric dermatome. Membranes were then laid out onto aluminum foil and the thickness of the membranes measured using a micrometer (400 µm). The split-thickness membranes were stored at −20°C until use.