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Methods and Protocols for In Vitro Animal Nanotoxicity Evaluation: A Detailed Review
Published in Vineet Kumar, Nandita Dasgupta, Shivendu Ranjan, Nanotoxicology, 2018
Venkatraman Manickam, Leema George, Amiti Tanny, Rajeeva Lochana, Ranjith Kumar Velusamy, M. Mathan Kumar, Bhavapriya Rajendran, Ramasamy Tamizhselvi
The human undifferentiated colon adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2, is commonly used while evaluating the uptake during ingestion of various engineered nanomaterials. Some of the nanomaterials tested using this cell line include metal oxide, polymeric, and carbon based nanoparticles. Occasionally, primary cells like dendritic cells derived from murine intestines were used to study the toxicities of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Winter et al. 2011; Love et al. 2012). When proposed nanotherapy is intended for cancer treatment, transformed cells of the cancerous organ/tissue of origin are the usual choice. Thus immortal cancer cells like HeLa, MCF-7, HCT-116, and BEAS-2B are preferred. As the control in these cases, noncancerous 3T3 fibroblast cells are used. In the case of topical transdermal applications, keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast cells are commonly used. For instance, the human-derived keratinocyte HaCaT cell line is used for studying the toxicity arising from TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles. Similarly, immortalized adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) are applied while checking for ZnO nanoparticles based cytotoxic effects or induced DNA damage (Sharma et al. 2011) and cell inflammatory responses upon exposure to high-aspect ratio QDs (Zhang et al. 2008). A mouse keratinocyte cell line (HEL-30), was used while looking for size and crystallinity derived cytotoxicity in TiO2 nanoparticles (Braydich-Stolle et al. 2009).
Nanophytomedicine-Based Therapies for Topical Applications
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Sankar Veintramuthu, Nithyananth Muniswamy
Skin is a first-line defence against micro-organisms, a natural barrier against loss of fluids and salts and also regulates the body temperature (homeostasis). With a molecular size up to 500 Da, lipophilic (logP1-3) substances can easily permeate skin without any assistance. But larger molecules like peptides or proteins will find it difficult to permeate (Badenhorst et al. 2014). Histologically, human skin is made up of three layers, the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer (see Figure 5.1). The dermis contains the first layer of living cells made up of four to five layers of dermal fibroblasts in an extracellular matrix of structural proteins, mainly collagen, elastin and keratinocytes. It also contains sweat glands and hair follicles, sensory nerve endings, sebaceous glands, lymphatic vessels and blood capillaries that extend up to dermal side of dermo-epidermal junction. Dermis regulates nutrients and oxygen delivery inside and also aids in toxic removal from the vascular epidermis by diffusion throughout the dermo-epidermal junction (Montagna et al., 2020). Through topical delivery, a drug is mostly administered for local effect. Topical dermatological products include sunscreens, antiseptics, anti-fungal creams, keratolytic agents and anti-inflammatory agents used for the treatment of skin diseases like psoriasis and acne. In transdermal delivery, drugs transverse the skin reaching systemic circulation and incite a pharmacological response. Nicotine patches used for cessation of smoking are administrated through the transdermal route (Karunanidhi et al., 2014).
Age-specific response of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix to acute resistance exercise: A pilot study
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Barbara Wessner, Michael Liebensteiner, Werner Nachbauer, Robert Csapo
In contrast to COL1A1, COL7A1 gene expression was decreased 6 h after the resistance exercise bout. This effect was detected by the PCR array and confirmed on individual samples, whereby a higher relative 1-RM was associated with a higher reduction in COL7A1 mRNA levels. Collagen type VII is a major structural component of anchoring fibrils, found immediately beneath the lamina densa of many epithelia (Nystrom et al., 2013). Genetic mutations in the COL7A1 gene and the resulting alterations in the morphology and numbers of anchoring fibrils are responsible for various dystrophic forms of epidermolysis bullosa (Kuttner et al., 2013). The loss of collagen VII in dermal fibroblasts has a global impact on the cellular microenvironment and is associated with proteome alterations such as a decrease in basement membrane components and an increase in dermal matrix proteins, TGF-β and metalloproteases (Kuttner et al., 2013). Interestingly, COL7A1 expression in skin increases with age (Glass et al., 2013). Besides the generally high expression of COL7A1 in skin tissue, low amounts of mRNA have also been detected in skeletal muscle tissue (Uhlen et al., 2015). Our results indicate that COL7A1 may be involved in the resistance exercise-induced remodelling of the muscular extracellular matrix, but further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Fabrication and characterization of phlorotannins/poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel for wound healing application
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Hyeon-Ho Park, Seok-Chun Ko, Gun-Woo Oh, Soo-Jin Heo, Do-Hyung Kang, Sung-Yong Bae, Won-Kyo Jung
In vitro experiments were performed using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). NHDFs were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution in an incubator with a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. NHDFs were cultured until reaching 70–80% confluence and detached by the addition of trypsin/EDTA solution. Detached NHDFs were counted using a hemocytometer, and the cells (5 × 103 cells/well) were seeded into 24-well plates and on hydrogel surfaces.