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Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Ammoush et al. (2018) conducted the study to evaluate the role of thermography in the differentiation of patients with suspected dental abscess or facial cellulitis. The authors used a FLIR C2 infrared camera to acquire the thermal image of both lateral views of the face. They obtained higher temperature differences of 2.4°C in facial cellulitis patients compared to dental abscess patients whose temperature difference was 1.5°C between the normal site and the affected site. The absence of criteria for diagnosing cellulitis is the main weakness of this study, but the association of increased temperature in the skin overlying suspected odontogenic inflammation warrants further investigation. Macianskyte et al. (2019) examined the relationship between infrared thermography and computed tomography results by comparing asymmetrical temperature distribution obtained from infrared thermal imaging with the CT lesions. Initially, they detected the human face edges using image gradients and convolution max. They identified the facial symmetry axis to separate the left and right facial regions and calculated the average mean temperature on both the sides of facial regions. They performed image segmentation of left and right ROI using the binary thresholding method based on neighboring temperatures. They obtained a higher average temperature difference in the facial region compared to the mouth region in tumor patients. They observed a negligible temperature difference in the facial region than the mouth region in healthy subjects. The authors predicted that the asymmetrical temperature zone detected from thermal images matches or aligns with the presence of maxilla-facial pathologies obtained from CT images. However, some maximal temperatures at the lesion site were 0.8–2.0°C higher than the core temperature of 37.0°C, questioning the accuracy of temperature readings extracted from the thermal images. In addition, the evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of temperature asymmetry for the detection of tumorous lesions visible in CT images is unclear in terms of thresholds for both temperatures and spatial distribution. These findings are in contradiction to both the thermodynamics and thermal physiology of heat transfer to the surface.
Oral health of the prehistoric Rima Rau cave burials, Atiu, Cook Islands
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Angela L. Clark, Christina Stantis, Hallie R. Buckley, Nancy Tayles
Dental caries are a demineralisation of tooth enamel and dentine when acids are released from specific bacteria after metabolising cariogenic foods (Hillson 2008). Carious lesions were considered present only if they were visibly cavitated and were recorded separately for all crown and root surfaces. No caries correction factors were calculated. Given the quality of the sample, this would have implied a degree of accuracy beyond that possible. Periapical lesions in the alveolar bone were recorded if observed macroscopically at the alveolar process closest to the socket (Hillson 2001, p. 2008). Such lesions may originate from infections of the pulp cavity, known as periapical dental abscess (Dias and Tayles 1997). Differential diagnosis of such lesions was not attempted. Tooth loss prior to death (AMTL) was differentiated from postmortem tooth loss by evidence of remodelling of empty tooth sockets, and compared to the combined total of alveoli. No diagnosis of aetiology was attempted.
Automatic diagnosis of dental diseases using convolutional neural network and panoramic radiographic images
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2021
Seyyed Amirhossein Ghaznavi Bidgoli, Arash Sharifi, Mohammad Manthouri
More than 90 out of every 100 adults have experienced tooth decay in their permanent teeth at least once (T. N. H. a. N. E. S. (NHANES) 2004). Enamel is the first affected layer of a tooth (Silk 2014). When the primary cavity emerges in a tooth, the decay spreads in depth. If the primary cavity is left untreated, the decay spreads even more and will probably damage the dentin (beneath the enamel). Then the pain begins, especially while eating hot, cold, and sweet foods (who.int 2012; Laudenbach and Simon 2014). Tooth decay can damage the pulp. This occurs when a toothache should be dealt with. Finally, a dental abscess appears when bacteria attack the surrounding tissue, bone, or gum (Co 2012).