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pH-Responsive Nanomedicine for Image-Guided Drug Delivery
Published in Lin Zhu, Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine, 2021
Jong Hoon Choi, Eunsoo Yoo, Jung Hoon Kim, Dongin Kim
Cancer is a second leading cause of death and current treatments which are applicable to cancers are still confined to chemotherapeutics followed by surgical debulking [1, 2]. There have been limited in the safety and efficacy of current anticancer therapeutics because of a narrow therapeutic window due to randomly distributed in the whole body [3]. This non-specific biodistribution may cause systemic toxicity to normal cells. Therefore, there is a great need to develop innovative systems to meet following conditions to overcome limitations: (1) noninvasive assessment of biodistribution of therapeutic agents, (2) quantification of localized accumulation and (3) monitoring of therapeutic efficacy [4, 5].
The emergence of nanoporous materials in lung cancer therapy
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Deepika Radhakrishnan, Shan Mohanan, Goeun Choi, Jin-Ho Choy, Steffi Tiburcius, Hoang Trung Trinh, Shankar Bolan, Nikki Verrills, Pradeep Tanwar, Ajay Karakoti, Ajayan Vinu
Lung cancer can be categorised into two histological types i) small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and ii) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC accounts for 85% of patients and is further subdivided into three major types, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma (with different subtypes-, and other types), whereas SCLC accounts for only 15% of the lung cancer types [4,5]. Like other cancers, the standard of care for lung cancers involves traditional treatments such as debulking surgery combined with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. In recent years, more targeted therapies, such as immunotherapy, are available to patients [6]. However, toxicities associated with the targeted therapies due to unwanted effects of drugs on healthy tissues are of significant concern and contribute to poor patient outcomes [7].
Computer-assisted surgery in medical and dental applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Yen-Wei Chen, Brian W. Hanak, Tzu-Chian Yang, Taylor A. Wilson, Jenovie M. Hsia, Hollie E. Walsh, Huai-Che Shih, Kanako J. Nagatomo
Despite its multiple benefits, neuronavigation still relies on the neurosurgeon’s solid understanding of surgical anatomy and precise operative technique. In particular, neurosurgeons must always keep in mind that their neuronavigation accuracy will almost always worsen throughout the course of a surgical procedure given a phenomenon known as ‘brain shift.’ Simply put, the highly compliant nature (‘squishiness’) of brain matter and the inherent intraoperative manipulation of brain tissue that occurs during the course of a surgery results in changes in the location of intracranial structures relative to the preoperatively acquired imaging. Various physical, surgical, and biologic explanations of brain shift exist, including patient positioning with shift due to gravity (physical), brain relaxation following cerebrospinal fluid egress (surgical), removing mass effect following tumor debulking (surgical), and the intraoperative administration of hypertonic agents like mannitol and/or transient intraoperative hyperventilation (medical techniques directed at reducing brain swelling; biologic) [15]. The degree of intraoperative brain shift encountered can vary widely from case-to-case based on the nature of surgical approach employed, patient-specific anatomy considerations, and the pathology being addressed [49]. Neurosurgeons therefore must always interpret neuronavigation data with caution, particularly in the later stages of surgery when brain shift is likely to be maximal. Aside from relying on experience and a detailed knowledge of neuroanatomy, neurosurgeons will often use real-time intraoperative imaging techniques like ultrasound or intraoperative MRI scans as compliments to neuronavigation, particularly when significant intraoperative brain shift is anticipated or observed.