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Metabolism and Toxicity of Occupational Neurotoxicants: Genetic, Physiological, and Environmental Determinants
Published in Lucio G. Costa, Luigi Manzo, Occupatinal Neurotoxicology, 2020
Stefano M. Candura, Luigi Manzo, Anna F. Castoldi, Lucio G. Costa
Cytochromes P450 induction is characterized by the following features: (a) it can be demonstrated only in vivo, with some delay following exposure to the inducing agent; (b) biochemically, it requires de novo synthesis of proteins; (c) morphologically, it is associated with proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and, in some species, hepatic hypertrophy; (d) different inducers act on different isoenzymes and therefore may have variable effects on the metabolism and toxicity of various substrates.77,78
Lead-induced modification of growth and yield of Linum usitatissimum L. and its soil remediation potential
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Adnan Khan, Athar Ali Khan, Mohd Irfan, Mohd Sayeed Akhtar, Syed Aiman Hasan
The only way for solar energy to enter the ecosphere in a useful form is through chloroplasts. As a result, any change in chloroplast structure or chlorophyll concentration will affect gross and net primary production at the producer level, as well as the amount of energy available at higher trophic levels. A well-known plant response to heavy metal stress, such as Pb, is a decrease in chlorophyll concentration (Figure 2c) (Tiwari and Lata 2018). According to Pourrut et al. (2011), distorted chloroplast structure, decreased activity of ferredoxin NADP+ reductase and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, inhibited plastoquinone and carotenoid synthesis, obstructed electron transport system, reduced CO2 level via stomata closure, impaired uptake of essential elements and substitution of divalent cations by Pb, reduced Calvin cycle enzyme activity. Figure 2a,b shows a greater decline in Chl. b concentration, confirming previous observations (Seregin et al. 2004; Ashraf et al. 2015; Malar et al. 2016). Rise in cellular proline level (Figure 2d) is a well-known biochemical response of plants to abiotic stresses (Rana et al. 2017) and it is ascribed to any one or more of the four processes (a) de novo synthesis (b) decreased degradation (c) lower utilization and, (d) hydrolysis of proteins (Kaur and Asthir 2015). As reported earlier in plants like rice, wheat, and spinach by various scientists (Alia et al. 2015; Ashraf et al. 2017; Malik et al. 2021) Pb stress caused a significant increase in proline level in the leaves of plants, a strategy of plants to cope up with Pb stress (Malar et al. 2016; Ashraf et al. 2017; Malik et al. 2021).