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Antibiotic Resistance
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, I. R. Iroha, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu
Newer resistance mechanisms are emerging globally, threatening the effective treatment of common infectious diseases. Gram-negative bacteria from environmental isolates including E. coli, Klebsiella species and P. aeruginosa harbour some novel antibiotic and multidrug resistance genes such as ESBLs, MBLs (metallo-beta lactamases), AmpC and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes that give them the exceptional ability to resist the antimicrobial onslaught of potent antibiotics directed towards them. Antibiotic resistance is fast becoming such a significant public health problem that there are bacteria for which most antibiotics no longer work. The effective monitoring of the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic pathogens especially those that produce high-profile antibiotic degrading enzymes like MBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases are critical to the containment of any disease outbreak due to these microbes. Antibiotic resistance (especially those mediated by ESBLs, MBLs and AmpC β-lactamases) is a global health problem that is posing a menace to our ability to effectively treat and manage infections caused by organisms producing these enzymes. Studies conducted in different parts of Nigeria indicate that the country is already recording a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacterial strains (Iroha et al., 2009, 2019; Agbo et al.,2019, 2020).
Microbial Biofilms-Aided Resistance and Remedies to Overcome It
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
It has also been viewed that these antimicrobial peptides not only themselves interfere with biofilm formation but also restores antibiotic susceptibility toward biofilm formers. For example, a study by Field et al. showed that nisin increases the efficacy of polymyxin and colistin toward resistant biofilm of P. aeruginosa (Field et al. 2016). Another study reported the 16-fold increase of β-lactams against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumonia isolates (Ribeiro et al. 2015). Similarly, other synthetic peptides IDR-1018, DJK-5, and DJK-6 which can degrade stress-related signaling nucleotide (p)ppGpp can increase the antibiotic susceptibility to inhibit and treat the biofilms of multidrug-resistant pathogens (Grassi et al. 2017). Furthermore, HBD3-C15 is also reported to potentiate the antibiofilm activity of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine digluconate against S. mutans (Ahn et al. 2017).
Portugal
Published in Braithwaite Jeffrey, Mannion Russell, Matsuyama Yukihiro, Paul G. Shekelle, Whittaker Stuart, Al-Adawi Samir, Healthcare Systems:, 2018
José-Artur Paiva, Paulo André Fernandes, Paulo Sousa
Carbapenems are last-line antibiotics, used for hospital treatment of severe infections. Very common bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae, are becoming resistant to these antibiotics, due to the production of carbapenemases. The spread of these highly resistant bacteria is at very different stages in European countries. Outbreaks of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) have been reported in several states: 13 out of 38 countries reported interregional spread, and in 2015, four of these reported widespread CPE. Only three out of 38 countries replied that they had no single case of CPE (Albiger et al., 2015; EuropeanCentre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2016). In some countries, more than half of Klebsiella pneumoniae–causing infections are resistant to carbapenem antibiotics. Because of this, prescriptions of the antibiotic colistin almost doubled in Europe between 2010 and 2014, particularly in those countries that report high levels of carbapenem resistance. Resistance to colistin is now spreading (Falagas et al., 2014). Even frequent and previously easy-to-treat infections, such as urinary tract infections, may now pose problems (Redgrave et al., 2014).
Sustaining the ecological functions of the Litani River Basin, Lebanon
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2023
T. Darwish, A. Shaban, I. Masih, H. Jaafar, I. Jomaa, J. P. Simaika
In its current status, the Litani River represents a threat to public health, as long as bacteriological and chemical contamination is not treated or managed, as water pollution propagates to soils, crops (Mcheik et al., 2018), and animals, and represents an obstacle to the socio-economic development and well-being of riparian communities (USAID, 2014). Recently, Hmede et al. (2019) showed evidence of multidrug and colistin (last resort antibiotic) resistance in irrigation water isolated from locations within the Bekaa valley, which could be attributed to colistin use in animal farms. That was the first study to report the persistence of the colistin-resistance carrying the gene (MCR-1) in irrigation water in Lebanon and also the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA). The MCR-1 gene was also isolated from domestic water and sewage water from refugee camps in the Bekaa (Alhaj & Kassem, 2020), and earlier in pre-harvest poultry from three major farms in Lebanon (Hmede & Kassem, 2018). With solid waste and wastewater management being two major problems in the Bekaa, the microbial water quality of the Litani River is the major threat to food safety and a major cause of water-borne diseases in the country. It was shown to be a threat to water quality in the Eastern Mediterranean, which could also lead to the MCR-1 gene being circulated with the sea currents (Sourenian et al., 2020).