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Concept Structure of Database Management System (DBMS) Portal for Real-Time Tracking and Controlling the Spread of Coronavirus
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
Abhishek M. Thote, Rajesh V. Patil
There are different types of face masks available according to their features and application [16–20]. The common types of face masks are as follows: Simple Cloth Face Mask: It is made of cotton or synthetic material. It is generally used by the people while going outdoor for daily work, offices, shops, etc. It is recommended by CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) to use by the public.Surgical Face Mask: It is made of disposable, thin, and non-woven fabric. It is used by people of medical professionals (doctors, nurses, etc.). It blocks entry of bacteria and germs into the mouth and nose more efficiently. It is recommended for one time use only by FDA (Food and Drug Administration).N95 and KN95 Respirators or Masks: N95 and KN95 are similar masks in terms of particles filtration performance. N95 masks are based on the norms of USA standard and KN95 masks are based on the norms of China standard [19]. This is the only difference. These are specialized masks recommended to use by medical officers, surgeons while operating critical cases of patient. Virus particles are generally in the size range of 0.1–0.3 microns. The efficiency of N95 masks is minimum 95% to prevent these virus particles [20]. During laboratory testing, NaCl (sodium chloride) particles are used to check the filtration efficiency. Nowadays, these masks are also used by the public to prevent the infection owing to the coronavirus.
Efficacy of face masks, neck gaiters and face shields for reducing the expulsion of simulated cough-generated aerosols
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021
William G. Lindsley, Francoise M. Blachere, Brandon F. Law, Donald H. Beezhold, John D. Noti
Studies using manikins (Lai, Poon, and Cheung 2012; Patel et al. 2016) and patients with respiratory infections (Leung et al. 2020; Milton et al. 2013) have shown that wearing medical face masks can reduce the dispersion of potentially infectious aerosols from patients. Two studies in which face masks were required for visitors and healthcare workers interacting with patients in bone marrow transplant centers found a reduction in respiratory viral infections among patients (Sokol et al. 2016; Sung et al. 2016). Studies of cloth face masks have suggested that they also can be effective at reducing the release of respiratory aerosols into the environment (Asadi et al. 2020; Davies et al. 2013; Konda et al. 2020). Several computational fluid dynamics studies have examined the generation and expulsion of respiratory aerosols and have provided important insights into the ability of face coverings to reduce the dispersion of large and small aerosols from the wearer (Dbouk and Drikakis 2020; Mittal, Ni, and Seo 2020).
A comparison of performance metrics for cloth masks as source control devices for simulated cough and exhalation aerosols
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021
William G. Lindsley, Francoise M. Blachere, Donald H. Beezhold, Brandon F. Law, Raymond C. Derk, Justin M. Hettick, Karen Woodfork, William T. Goldsmith, James R. Harris, Matthew G. Duling, Brenda Boutin, Timothy Nurkiewicz, Theresa Boots, Jayme Coyle, John D. Noti
Humans infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can produce droplets and aerosols of respiratory fluids containing the virus when they cough, breathe, talk, sing and sneeze (Anderson et al. 2020; CDC 2020b; Hamner et al. 2020; Ma et al. 2020; Morawska and Milton 2020). To reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, public health agencies have recommended that the general public wear cloth masks (CDC 2020c, 2020d, 2021; Edelstein and Ramakrishnan 2020; WHO 2020). The primary purpose of masks (which in this article includes face masks, neck gaiters, bandanas and other face coverings) is to block the expulsion of infectious droplets and aerosols from the wearer into the environment (called source control) and thereby reduce the exposure of other people to the virus (CDC 2020a). Laboratory studies using manikins and human subjects have shown that cloth face masks can partially block respiratory aerosols produced during coughing, breathing and talking (Asadi et al. 2020; Davies et al. 2013; Lindsley et al. 2021; Pan et al. 2021). Wearing medical face masks (i.e., “surgical masks” as defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA 2004]) reduces the dispersion of potentially infectious aerosols from patients with respiratory infections (Leung et al. 2020; Milton et al. 2013). Masks may also provide some personal protection to the wearer by reducing their exposure to infectious droplets and aerosols produced by others, although they are not as effective as a respiratory protective device such as a NIOSH-approved N95 filtering facepiece respirator (N95 respirator) (CDC 2020a; Lawrence et al. 2006; Oberg and Brosseau 2008; Pan et al. 2021). Several community level studies have shown that universal masking helps reduce the spread of COVID-19 (CDC 2020a). For example, a comparison of counties in the US state of Kansas found that mask mandates were associated with lower incidence rates of COVID-19 (Van Dyke et al. 2020). A study of 10 US states found that statewide mask mandates were associated with a decline in weekly COVID-19–associated hospitalization growth compared to states without such mandates (Joo et al. 2021).