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Concept Structure of Database Management System (DBMS) Portal for Real-Time Tracking and Controlling the Spread of Coronavirus
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
Abhishek M. Thote, Rajesh V. Patil
There are different types of face masks available according to their features and application [16–20]. The common types of face masks are as follows: Simple Cloth Face Mask: It is made of cotton or synthetic material. It is generally used by the people while going outdoor for daily work, offices, shops, etc. It is recommended by CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) to use by the public.Surgical Face Mask: It is made of disposable, thin, and non-woven fabric. It is used by people of medical professionals (doctors, nurses, etc.). It blocks entry of bacteria and germs into the mouth and nose more efficiently. It is recommended for one time use only by FDA (Food and Drug Administration).N95 and KN95 Respirators or Masks: N95 and KN95 are similar masks in terms of particles filtration performance. N95 masks are based on the norms of USA standard and KN95 masks are based on the norms of China standard [19]. This is the only difference. These are specialized masks recommended to use by medical officers, surgeons while operating critical cases of patient. Virus particles are generally in the size range of 0.1–0.3 microns. The efficiency of N95 masks is minimum 95% to prevent these virus particles [20]. During laboratory testing, NaCl (sodium chloride) particles are used to check the filtration efficiency. Nowadays, these masks are also used by the public to prevent the infection owing to the coronavirus.
Review on Imaging Features for COVID-19
Published in S. Prabha, P. Karthikeyan, K. Kamalanand, N. Selvaganesan, Computational Modelling and Imaging for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, 2021
These prevention steps need to be followed:Suspected or confirmed cases should isolate at home and undergo continued testing with sampling intervals.Good ventilation and sunlight damage the virus. Generally, the negative pressure room is not recommended.Hands should be washed often with hand sanitizer or soap and water.Patients must wear surgical masks.Caretakers must wear surgical masks indoors and sanitatise hands every 15−20 minutes.Maintain at least one metre’s distance from other people (market places, offices, hospitals, medical stores etc.).Surfaces, rooms and equipment must be sanitised regularly.Avoid frequent trips to outside places (market places, medical supplies etc.).Avoid hand shaking and hugging as a means of greeting.Avoid social gatherings at home.Don’t allow visitors at home.Healthcare workers should be provided with N95 masks, protective suits and goggles.
Supplying masks to combat respiratory diseases: safety index, welfare and government involvement
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Bin Shen, Yang Liu, Vincent Quan, Xin Wen
Facial masks mainly include surgical (also known as medical) and N95/KN95 masks.1 These two mask types show differences in their quality and performance. Specifically, CDC shows that surgical masks cannot offer a 100% protection against viruses because the wearers can still inhale small airborne particles (Grainger 2020). By contrast, N95 masks can filter at least 95% of airborne particles, thereby offering greater protection to their wearers compared with surgical masks (Grainger 2020). Therefore, N95 masks are generally more reliable in preventing respiratory diseases compared with surgical masks. However, N95 masks are more expensive than surgical masks. For example, in March 2020 (the early stage of COVID-19 outbreak in Europe), N95 masks in Germany cost 17 Euro per piece, whereas surgical masks only cost 1 Euro per piece.2 This large price difference also exists in China, the U.S., U.K., and other countries during the outbreak of COVID-19. Suppose that the inventories of both N95 and surgical masks are available in the market, consumers will purchase N95 or surgical masks based on the price and quality differences in terms of the risk of respiratory diseases.
Is the pandemic masking waste management? – A review on fallout of the COVID-19 viral contagion
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Mahesh Ganesapillai, Aditya Tiwari, Rishabh Mehta, Aritro Sinha, Ishita Sarkar, Bidisha Mondal, Vijayalakshmi Chellappa, Amritbir Riar
During COVID – 19 healthcare workers and frontline workers were recommended to exercise the use of N95 masks. These N95 masks are single-use and disposable. With a drastically increased demand for masks and limited supply, there is a need to find a proper and effective technology to disinfect the contaminated masks and reuse them, as they add to the existing pile of MSW. Before the pandemic, the surgical masks used were disinfected by treating with ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, bleach, UV – C light and other techniques (94). Nevertheless, with the onset of the pandemic, there was an urgency to explore other techniques available to disinfect the masks and improve the efficiency of the existing processes. The following section discusses techniques to disinfect the healthcare wastes found in MSW.
UV light dosage distribution over irregular respirator surfaces. Methods and implications for safety
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Aurora Baluja, Justo Arines, Ramón Vilanova, Julio Cortiñas, Carmen Bao-Varela, Maria Teresa Flores-Arias
The novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has led to a global, critical decrease in personal protective equipment (PPE), especially filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). Due to this shortage, multiple recommendations have arisen, in particular those related to the use of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI, 254 nm) for decontamination (Heimbuch et al. 2011; Viscusi et al. 2011; Lindsley et al. 2015). As of March 27, 2020, the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued new guidelines to reuse masks (CDC 2020a) acknowledging that decontaminated N95 masks, with limited reuse, may be necessary in dire shortage situations.