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Challenges of Global Healthcare Disasters
Published in Adarsh Garg, D. P. Goyal, Global Healthcare Disasters, 2023
Deepika Sherawat, Sonia, Priyanka Shukla
An epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region, and a pandemic is an epidemic that is spread over multiple countries and continents. Pandemics and large-scale epidemics that can claim loss of lives of masses, disrupt civilizations, and shatter economies. WHO’s Health Emergencies Programme (WHE) is working with member states to help countries to prepare for large-scale outbreaks and pandemics. Countries are also encouraged to involve the whole of society for effective pandemic preparedness and response. The pandemics are new and highly infectious airborne viruses that have an impact on the population that lack immunity. Some of the most infectious viruses that have infected masses are influenza. Some of the diseases are spread by blood-feeding anthropoids like mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. Such diseases are called vector-borne diseases. The vector-borne diseases are Nile virus, dengue fever, malaria, Zika, and chikungunya to name a few. Most of these diseases are fanned by climate change.
Big Data in Medical Image Processing
Published in R. Suganya, S. Rajaram, A. Sheik Abdullah, Big Data in Medical Image Processing, 2018
R. Suganya, S. Rajaram, A. Sheik Abdullah
In the biomedical informatics domain, big data is a new paradigm and an ecosystem that transforms case-based studies to large-scale, data-driven research. The healthcare sector historically has generated huge amounts of data, driven by record keeping, compliance and regulatory requirements, and patient care. While most data is stored in hard copy form, the current trend is toward rapid digitization of these large amounts of data. Driven by mandatory requirements and the potential to improve the quality of healthcare delivery while reducing the costs, these massive quantities of data (called ‘big data’) securely hold a wide range of supporting medical and healthcare functions, including amongst others clinical decision support systems, disease outbreak surveillance, and population health management. A disease may occur in greater numbers than expected in a community or region or during a season, while an outbreak may occur in one community or even extend to several countries. July 10, 2017, Measles kills 35 people in Europe as disease spreads through un-vaccinated children, communities are warned by the World Health Organization (WHO). An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly through a population. For example, in 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 people worldwide. In Apr 2017, Zika virus is transmitted to people through the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus. This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. For example, HIV/AIDS is an example of one of the most destructive global pandemics in history.
Fractional SIR Epidemic Model of Childhood Disease with Mittag-Leffler Memory
Published in Devendra Kumar, Jagdev Singh, Fractional Calculus in Medical and Health Science, 2020
P. Veeresha, D. G. Prakasha, Devendra Kumar
An epidemic is the swift evolution of infectious disease in a given population to a huge number of people within a small period of time. In the eighteenth century, Swiss physicist and mathematician Bernoulli proposed and cultivated the concept of mathematical modelling for the evolution of disease [1], which provides the origin to the development of modern epidemiology. Later in the twentieth century, Ross et al. [2] established the modelling of infectious disease and elucidated the nature of epidemic models by the help of the law of mass action. Recently, epidemic models are widely applied to analyse the epidemiological processes that contain the contagious disease transmission.
A pedestrian-based model for simulating COVID-19 transmission on college campus
Published in Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 2023
Quarantine, which separates the infected from the healthy, is the most effective measure to stop the epidemic transmission. But widespread quarantine not only affects students’ attendance but also puts pressure on limited medical resources. Here quarantine measures Q1-Q3 as shown below are proposed to analyze which level of quarantine is most effective (assuming that the patient will not transmit the disease during the quarantine period). Q1 (Quarantining individuals): When a symptomatic individual is present, only the symptomatic individual is quarantined.Q2 (Quarantining dormitories): Because students in the same dormitory have the most contact with each other, when a symptomatic individual is found, all members of the dormitory where the patient is living need to be quarantined.Q3 (Quarantining classes): Because students in the same class are in contact with each other, the whole class needs to be quarantined when an individual with symptoms is found.
Information fusion for future COVID-19 prevention: continuous mechanism of big data intelligent innovation for the emergency management of a public epidemic outbreak
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2021
Shi Yin, Nan Zhang, Junfeng Xu
COVID-19 is a public health emergency of international concern. A public health emergency is an uncommon public health event recognized by special procedures (Gulland, 2016). The international spread of the disease poses a public health risk to other countries and may require a coordinated international response. The emergency management mechanism is a basic and forward-looking approach to achieve public health security and stability (Hu et al., 2009). The integrated framework for risk management proposed by the International Risk Management Committee helps countries and regions to identify public outbreaks at an early stage (Krewski et al., 2007). The emergency management mechanism of public epidemic outbreak mainly includes four core dimensions: risk identification, risk assessment, risk evaluation, and risk management (Gostin et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2009). These four core dimensions correspond to the four stages: initial, early, middle, and late stages, which demonstrate the macro-governance mechanism for public epidemic outbreak. R&D of epidemic prevention vaccine, reduction of infection risk, supply of epidemic prevention materials, and dynamic tracing of epidemic situation are micro-management mechanisms to deal with public epidemic outbreak (Yamey et al., 2020). These macro and micro mechanisms are used to coordinate the emergency management of public epidemic outbreak. Figure 1 shows the framework of emergency management mechanism for public epidemic outbreak.
Sustaining Organizational Operations during an Outbreak: Problems, Needs, and Opportunities for Information Systems
Published in Information Systems Management, 2020
Narcyz Roztocki, Wojciech Strzelczyk, H. Roland Weistroffer
Currently, there is no agreement on a precise definition of a pandemic or how to determine when it starts and when it ends (Morens et al., 2009). Ordinarily, for an outbreak to be called a pandemic, it must be an infectious disease that affects a large proportion of the population of a region, a “disease extensively epidemic” (Shope, 1958). As noted by Morens et al. (2009), the one common denominator for all past outbreaks that were designated as pandemics is widespread geographic extension. Additional common features have been disease movement and high attack rates, whereas other criteria sometimes applied, such as minimum population immunity, novelty, infectiousness, contagiousness, and severity are somewhat inconsistent. Perhaps the most controversial criterion often applied is severity (Morens et al., 2009; Shope, 1958). Many health-related international organizations no longer use any measure of severity to define a pandemic. For example, until May 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined pandemics as outbreaks generating “enormous numbers of deaths and illness” but after May 2009, WHO dropped this phrase describing severity (Cohen & Carter, 2010).