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Viral and Bacterial Infection Prevention Through Intentional Design
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
Debra Harris, Denise N. Williams
There are several pathogenic bacteria that are necessary to consider, especially Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), Enterococci bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). (It is important to note that both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are included in this list of pathogenic bacteria.) These specific bacteria have all largely presented as concerning hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), but some are now presenting in concerning community spread events outside of health care facilities.4–8C. difficile, Enterococci bacteria, and S. aureus are most widely discussed in the context of indoor community environments.
Microbiome Engineering
Published in Jean F. Challacombe, Metabolic Pathway Engineering, 2021
Native microbial communities can be engineered in situ through genome engineering [11]. This can be accomplished by using mobile genetic elements such as phages, plasmids, and transposons to deliver engineered DNA sequences to microbial communities using transduction, transformation, and conjugation [11]. Another microbiome engineering strategy is the transplantation of a desired microbiome from a healthy host into a host who is struggling with disease or environmental stress. In humans this is usually a fecal transplant from a healthy donor into a person who has a gastrointestinal infection or imbalance in their gut microbiota due to disease. Fecal transplants can restore a healthy balance of bacteria in the gut and have been used to remedy Clostridium difficile infections [22–24]. Fecal transplantation has been investigated for other gastrointestinal conditions, such as Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and ulcerative colitis, and it appears to induce remission of ulcerative colitis [25]. However, the long-term effects and safety of fecal transplantation are not known and the utility of fecal transplants in the treatment of Crohn’s disease and irritable bowel syndrome still remains to be demonstrated.
The Human Microbiome: How Our Health is Impacted by Microorganisms
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
In addition to probiotics, human feces can also be used to treat diseases. We have recently seen news that companies in the United States have established fecal banks. They actually collect intestinal microbes from healthy people to treat intestinal infectious diseases. For example, due to the large number of deaths of other bacteria caused by the administration of antibiotics, Clostridium difficile is over-proliferated in the intestine, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea and other symptoms. The feces of healthy persons are collected and sent to the patient’s intestine through various methods after treatment. The normal intestinal flora contained in these fecal extracts can inhibit the over-breeding of C. difficile. The results of clinical trials in the United States and Canada have proved that the effective rate of this method may exceed 90%.
The influence of exercise training volume alterations on the gut microbiome in highly-trained middle-distance runners
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Jonathan Craven, Amanda J. Cox, Phillip Bellinger, Ben Desbrow, Christopher Irwin, Jena Buchan, Danielle McCartney, Surendran Sabapathy
The human gastrointestinal tract is a densely populated ecosystem of diverse microorganisms, often termed the “gut microbiota” or “gut microbiome”. These microorganisms influence host physiology (Sommer & Backhed, 2013) and health (Sekirov, Russell, Antunes, & Finlay, 2010) throughout the lifespan. A healthy microbiome can be characterised by factors such as its potential stability (i.e. ability to withstand disturbances), diversity of organisms, or the metabolic products it produces (Lloyd-Price, Abu-Ali, & Huttenhower, 2016). The diversity of microorganisms is postulated to hinder the overgrowth and dominance of a particular species which can have deleterious effects on an individual’s health. For example, Clostridium difficile overgrowth following broad spectrum antibiotic use can result in pseudomembranous colitis, with potentially fatal consequences (Farooq, Urrunaga, Tang, & von Rosenvinge, 2015).