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Liquid Chromatography
Published in Ernő Pungor, A Practical Guide to Instrumental Analysis, 2020
Electrochemical detection (ED) is widely used in clinical chemistry. About 60% of the application of ED has been done in the field of bioanalysis. The main advantages of using ED are the selectivity and sensitivity. The principle of ED used in biomedical analysis is a transfer of charge between substances in a column effluent and a working electrode. The amperometric detector works at a constant potential against a reference electrode. The current through the working electrode is the signal which is measured. The term amperometric detection is connected to one of the mostly used ED, when only a fraction of the solutes is oxidized or reduced. The coulometric detection is considered when the electrochemical conversion is complete or nearly complete. About three fourths of amperometric detectors used in practical application work in the oxidative mode. The dissolution of oxygen and limited range of electrode materials used in negative potential makes this type of ED less popular.
Next-Generation Immunoassays
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
Valerie Fitzgerald, Paul Leonard
The challenge of circumventing these limitations coupled with the requirement for large quantities of high quality antibodies led to the emergence of methods for their creation, without the use of hybridoma technology. Commonly described as display methods, an array of approaches for generation of recombinant antibodies have now become commonplace in modern laboratories. The predominant processes, which include phage display, yeast display, bacterial display, ribosome display and mRNA display, are discussed below. A comparison of methods for the production of monoclonal antibodies, mentioned in this chapter, is represented in Fig. 9.2. It is important to note that while the majority of focus has been placed on the potential of antibodies as novel therapeutics the progress in the field of antibody generation, selection and manipulation has been used to great advantage in other settings. Antibodies are one of the most widely used tools in modern biochemistry, cytology and clinical chemistry as well as in the field of diagnostics [13].
Exposure and Health Surveillance in Gulf War Veterans Exposed to Depleted Uranium
Published in Alexandra C. Miller, Depleted Uranium, 2006
Katherine S. Squibb, Melissa A. McDiarmid
Members of the DU-exposed cohort are invited to the Baltimore VAMC every 2 years for a 3-d clinical medical assessment program. The clinical assessments conducted during these visits have included a detailed medical history, including an extensive exposure history, a thorough physical examination, laboratory studies, and radiological surveys for retained DU fragments. Twenty-four hour urine samples are obtained for total uranium and DU analysis, and for clinical chemistry parameters related to renal function. Soldiers also complete a battery of neurocognitive tests and all soldiers are clinically evaluated during their first visit for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Laboratory studies include hematologic and blood clinical chemistry measures, as well as semen quality, neuroendocrine, immunologic, and genotoxicity parameters.
Toxicity and human health assessment of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene developed under an international agreement with Sweden
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
D.R. Mattie, B.A. Wong, K.L. Mumy, S.M. McInturf, L.M. Shafer, R. Allen, J.T. Edwards, I. Sibomana, T.R. Sterner
At the end of exposure period for each cohort, rats were fasted for 12 hr prior to blood draw and gross necropsy by withdrawing food at the appropriate time on the day before euthanasia with ketamine/xylazine. There was no restriction of water. All animals were euthanized in accordance with current American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) guidelines (AVMA 2013). Following deep anesthesia, a pneumothorax was created, and the terminal blood was collected via the caudal vena cava for hematology and clinical chemistry analyses. The necropsy included examination of the external surface and all orifices, organs and tissues of the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities, neck and the remainder of the carcass. Organ weights were documented for liver, right and left kidneys, adrenals, testes, epididymises, ovaries, uteri, thymus, spleen, brain, and heart. One-half of each kidney (left cut longitudinally, right cut transversely) was flash frozen and stored at−80°C until assessed for α-2-urinary (α2 u)-globulin protein.
Toxicity and human health assessment of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
David R. Mattie, Brian A. Wong, Karen L. Mumy, Shawn M. McInturf, Michael D. Grimm, Nathan, M. Gargas, Linda M. Shafer, Richard C. Striebich, Teresa R. Sterner
Terminal blood samples collected via the caudal vena cava were analyzed for clinical chemistry and hematology endpoints. Prothrombin time in plasma (PT-P) and international normalized ratio (INR) were determined with a blood clot analyzer (GEM PCL Plus, Instrumentation Laboratory, Lexington, MA). Samples of whole blood with anticoagulant were examined with a blood analyzer (Hemavet 950, Drew Scientific, Dallas, TX) to measure counts of white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes (cells/µl), monocytes (cells/µl), eosinophils (cells/µl), and basophils (cells/µl); neutrophils (%), lymphocytes (%), monocytes (%), eosinophils (%), basophils (%); counts of red blood cells (cells/µl) and platelets; and hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin in cells, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in blood, red cell distribution width, mean platelet volume. Samples of serum were assessed using a chemistry analyzer (Vet Test 8008 and Vet Lyte, IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME) to determine albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, creatine kinase, creatinine, globulins, glucose, total bilirubin, total protein, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, chloride.
Cylindrospermopsin toxicity in mice following a 90-d oral exposure
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
N. Chernoff, D.J. Hill, I. Chorus, D.L. Diggs, H. Huang, D. King, J.R. Lang, T.-T. Le, J.E. Schmid, G.S. Travlos, E.M. Whitley, R.E. Wilson, C.R. Wood
The serum clinical chemistry results are summarized in Table 2. Serum activities of liver enzymes, suggestive of hepatic damage or altered function, were significantly elevated in high-dose male and female groups. In females, ALP activity exhibited a significant increase in the high-dose group compared to controls. Along with serum TBA concentrations, serum ALP activity is typically used as an indicator of cholestasis. However, in this study, TBA levels were not markedly affected. Although ALP activity rise was significant (38%), it is not clear whether the ALP increase was reflective of a cholestatic event. In males, ALT activity demonstrated a significant elevation (64%) in the 300 µg/kg group. Males exhibited a significant dose-related reduction in serum cholesterol concentration at both 150 µg/kg and 300 µg/kg compared to controls. A significant decrease in triglyceride levels occurred in males receiving 300 µg/kg. Male BUN levels in all dose groups were significantly lowered, and there was a significant dose-related trend. The only significant effect BUN in females was a significant fall in the 150 µg/kg dose group.