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Materials with Magnetic-X Effects
Published in Chen Wu, Jiaying Jin, Frontiers in Magnetic Materials, 2023
Magnetostrictive actuators with high energy density and intrinsic robustness boost the applications in smart materials and devices, such as micropositioning, micro- or inchworm-motors, active vibration control and micro-pumps. According to Table 13.1, Terfenol-D with high λ and high output may deliver sufficiently high displacement and force simultaneously, while Galfenol with relatively lower λ is more suitable for micro-electromechanical systems. Magnetostrictive materials are also widely used in vibration energy harvesters, with the related mechanism displayed in Figure 13.6. The magneto-mechanical coupling of magnetostrictive material transforms the mechanical energy into the magnetic energy, which is then converted into the electrical energy through the electromagnetic coupling (Deng and Dapino, 2017). Magnetostrictive materials may also be used for interdisciplinary fields such as bio-sensing for the detection of bacterial spores, proteins, classical swine fever and COVID-19 (Narita et al., 2021). Continuous and in-depth research is encouraging to apply novel magnetostrictive materials for more emerging nanotechnologies.
Hygiene and cleanliness in pig buildings as preventive medicine to ensure healthier animals
Published in Thomas Banhazi, Andres Aland, Jörg Hartung, Air Quality and Livestock Farming, 2018
In the case of “primary infectious diseases,” that is, monofactorial diseases, caused by specific microorganisms (e.g., foot and mouth disease or classical swine fever), the course of the disease is not greatly affected by the cleanliness aspect once a herd becomes infected. Indeed, a slaughter policy is applied in many countries to eradicate such diseases. In this kind of situation, hygiene is used to sanitize the farm after removal of the infected livestock and to prevent residual contamination for incoming stock. Strict sanitary procedures are thus applied to clean the premises thoroughly once the infected animals have been removed. A downtime period of several weeks is usually required before restocking. In the last few decades, there has been a general decrease in the incidence of primary infectious diseases in most industrialized pig-producing countries (Madec and Seegers, 2010). However, the principle of de-population and sanitation prior to re-population is applied to combat pathogens involved in diseases like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplama hyopneumoniae. All the buildings and premises are thoroughly cleaned and disinfected during this procedure.
Treatment of Livestock Waste and Effluents
Published in Mihir Kumar Purkait, Piyal Mondal, Chang-Tang Chang, Treatment of Industrial Effluents, 2019
Mihir Kumar Purkait, Piyal Mondal, Chang-Tang Chang
Hygiene concerns resulted from a series of food scares resulting from the microbiological contamination of agricultural food products such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and also bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Examples of notable outbreaks of diseases affecting livestock are the foot and mouth disease, the classical swine fever, and more recently, the avian influenza that exemplifies a possible zoonotic disease further endangering the general public.
Double-quantitative decision rough set over two universes and application to African swine fever decision-making
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2021
Xiaoyuan Hu, Bingzhen Sun, Ting Wang, Chao Jiang
Nowadays, the research on ASF has attracted the attention of scholars in different fields. Hofmann et al. (1994) and Lowings et al. (1996) collected the nucleotide sequences of swine fever virus in the world and explored the genotypic classification of Swine fever virus. Li et al. (2011) also confirmed that the longer the sequence is, the better the differentiation of different strains when the virus is genotyped by sequence alignment. The whole E2 gene sequence was used to analyse the evolution of Classical swine fever virus. Li et al. (2012) and Ferndndez-Pinero et al. (2013) established a real-time detection method for by using a universal probe library. infection was quantitatively detected and identified. is the preferred serologic method for the diagnosis of ASF, which can detect serum and tissue fluid (OIE, 2008). Jin et al. (2014) and Dong et al. (2012) used genetic engineering to express African swine fever virus protein to establish indirect and competitive for antibody detection. At present, the research on ASF is mostly about virus gene research and vaccine development. However, there is no treatment for ASF, and all attempts to develop a vaccine have so far been unsuccessful. Prevention depends on ensuring that neither infected live pigs nor pig meat products are introduced into areas free of ASF. All successful eradication programmes have involved the rapid diagnosis, slaughter, and disposal of all animals on infected premises. Sanitary measures must also be applied and include control of movement and treatment of waste food. Subsequently, a serologic survey of all pig farms within a specific control zone must be conducted to ensure that all infected pigs have been identified. ASF does not always show complete clinical symptoms in practice. Clinical diagnosis is difficult to achieve in the early stages of the disease or when a few animals are infected. In the actual diagnosis process, acute ASF symptoms are easily confused with the symptoms of other diseases, including classic swine fever (), swine erysipelas, salmonellosis and other causes of sepsis. Clinical diagnosis of ASF is usually speculative. Therefore, the decision-making problem about ASF should be studied at the same time as gene research. That is, how to effectively identify the symptoms between ASF and common diseases, and timely control the spread of the epidemic. So as to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of early detection and ensure the healthy development of pig breeding industry.