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Sustainable Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from Food Wastes
Published in Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh, Lata Nain, Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes, 2023
Sunanda Joshi, Monika Chaudhary, Varsha Upadhayay, Arindam Kuila
Chitin is a biopolymer that can be found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, mushrooms, and yeasts. Shell waste, which is a prominent chitin source, is produced annually in the amount of 18 Tg. Because of its limited solubility, chitin cannot be employed as an initial feedstock. Chitin, on the other hand, can be transformed to chitosan through a chemical process (62, 63). The equivalent main amino functional group is produced via deacetylation. It is measured as a percentage of acetyl glucosamine to glucosamine conversion. Chitin’s physical, chemical, and biological properties are all affected by deacetylation
Benefits of Nanocomposite Food Packaging Over Conventional Packaging
Published in Shiji Mathew, E.K. Radhakrishnan, Nano-Innovations in Food Packaging, 2023
Among the organic fillers, the most common and abundantly present one is cellulose and chitin compounds. Cellulose nanofillers such as cellulose nanoparticles, cellulose nanofibrils, cellulose nanocrystals, etc. are different forms of cellulose which is one among the naturally available polymer present abundantly throughout the world inside plant cell wall, agro-wastes, wood, and other organic wastes. The crystalline forms of the cellulose can be made in nanoscale by chemical reactions and can be used as the filler with the matrix materials. The cellulose nanofillers were found to be excellent support for nanocomposite due to their unique properties like low molecular weight and at the same time possessing high strength as well as stiffness. All the cellulose-based nanofillers are eco-friendly and easily biodegradable. Other commonly available nanofillers which are present in fungi, and other crustacean group is chitin. Chitin is a complex polysaccharide and on specific treatments can be converted to good nanofillers like nanowhiskers and nanofibrils. The chitin-based materials are biocompatible and biodegradable without any threat to the environment (Shiv and Jong-Whan, 2016; Young Teck et al., 2014).
Marine Biopolymers
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
The insolubility of chitin in water and normal solvents makes its application limited. However, its derivative, chitosan, obtained by the deacetylation of chitin that induces the solubilization in dilute acid solution, has a large range of applications.
A polysaccharide/chitin hydrogel wound dressing from a Periplanattica americana residue: coagulation, antioxidant activity, and wound healing properties
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Xuehua Li, Xin Xiao, Yali Liu, Jie Zhou, Hanwen Hu, Tao Yang, Haimei Yuan, Qin Song
Currently, various natural and synthetic polymers, including chitin, chitosan, cellulose, collagen, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, have been used as wound dressings. Chitin and its derivatives demonstrate broad potential in hemostatic materials, wound dressings, tissue engineering, and other fields because of their biodegradability and biocompatibility [6,7]. Additionally, chitin stimulates vasoconstriction via erythrocyte aggregation and accelerates fibrin monomer polymerization via complex formation with platelets [8,9]. Studies have also reported that the in vitro and in vivo biodegradation rates of chitin decrease with an increasing degree of deacetylation [10]. Hence, chitin is a more biodegradable polymer than chitosan. Furthermore, chitin degradation releases N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine, which stimulates macrophages and initiates fibroblast proliferation, aids in orderly collagen deposition, and increases natural hyaluronic acid synthesis at the wound site, thereby accelerating wound healing and preventing scar formation [11].
Recent advances in environmental science and engineering applications of cellulose nanocomposites
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Asifur Rahman, Wei Wang, Divyapriya Govindaraj, Seju Kang, Peter J. Vikesland
In tissue engineering, biomaterials, such as chitin and alginate, are often used for wound healing and are incorporated with other materials for enhanced mechanical strength and biodegradability. Recognizing that BCNCs have high biodegradability and strong mechanical strength, Wu et al. (2018) incorporated them with chitin that has been widely used in tissue engineering owing to its controlled degradation by lysozymes. Regenerated chitin embedded BCNC filaments showed increased mechanical performance and good biodegradability in enzymatic degradation experiments. Furthermore, in vivo experiments with mice showed that the BCNC based chitin filament improved wound healing without measurable adverse effects. Alginate, another well-known biomaterial for tissue engineering, has also been successfully incorporated with BCNCs and showed enhanced mechanical performance (Yan et al., 2018). It is recommended to consider certain physicochemical properties, such as crosslinking groups, filament type, fiber size, tensile strength, and biocompatibility when selecting carbohydrate polymers for suture materials (Kara et al., 2021).
An investigation on the morphology and microstructure of electrospun CMCH/PEO and CMCH/PVA nanofibers
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Shabnam Kasraei, Hossein Tavanai, Mohammad Morshed, Amir Shahin Shamsabadi
Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, is found in the cell wall of fungi, molds, and yeasts as well as the shell of crab, shrimp, shellfish and earth worm. Chitin is biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and antibacterial. The presence of hydroxyl and amino side groups in chitin bestows excellent wound healing and chelating performance to it. However, as chitin is insoluble in many common solvents, a chitin derivative namely, chitosan (de-acetylated chitin) is employed in many applications like controlled drug release systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, wound healing dressings, water filtration and food packaging. Amino side groups constitute 70–90% of chitosan (Azuma et al., 2015; El‐Shafei et al., 2008; Mahoney et al., 2012; Murthy et al., 2017; Pandey et al., 2017).