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Proton Therapy for Paediatric Patients
Published in Manjit Dosanjh, Jacques Bernier, Advances in Particle Therapy, 2018
Masashi Mizumoto, Yoshiko Oshiro, Hideyuki Sakurai
Recent progress in multimodal treatment for paediatric malignancies has improved survival, and almost 70% of patients can now be cured [1]. However, this growing population of survivors remains at risk for disease- and treatment-associated late mortality. According to Mertens et al. [2], the all-cause 30-year cumulative mortality is 18.1% (95% CI = 17.3–18.9) for five-year survivors of childhood cancer. The rate of death due to recurrence or progression was highest in the 5- to 10-year period after diagnosis, at 0.99% per year (95% CI: 0.93–1.06), but decreased to 0.10% per year (95% CI: 0.06–0.16) at 25–29 years after diagnosis. The death rate due to second malignancies exceeded the death rate from recurrence at 20–24 years follow-up, and radiotherapy was an independent risk factor for late mortality [2].
The potential interaction of environmental pollutants and circadian rhythm regulations that may cause leukemia
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel, Błażej Kudłak, Wen Liu, Michael J. Williams, Helgi B. Schiöth
Approximately 350,000 people worldwide are diagnosed with leukemia each year and 250,000 people die from it. Acute forms of leukemia represent 44% of cases, while chronic forms represent 43%, and with 13% as indeterminate forms (Figure 1A). Myeloid leukemias correspond to 46% of the total, while lymphocytic and lymphoblastic leukemias represent 47%, and 7% are nonspecific (Figure 1B). Of the total leukemias, 13% are chronic myeloid leukemias (CMLs), 28% are acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs), 30% are chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLLs), 13% are acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) and 16% remaining are other types of leukemia (Figure 1C) (Elert, 2013; Sung et al., 2021). Leukemias can occur at all life ages, from a newborn to an older person, but the different forms have very different age distributions (Figure 1D). Notably, leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer, representing approximately one third of pediatric cancers (children younger than 15 years). ALL is common in early childhood and rare in adults, accounting for nearly a quarter of all childhood cancers, while AML is less common in children, but it is common in older adults. Indeed, ALL occurs five times more frequently in children than AML, with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) being the most prevalent and having high mortality rates (Whitehead et al., 2016). CML and CLL are rare in young children, but their incidence increases in adulthood, peaking between the ages of 75 and 79. Overall, adult leukemias tend to have a worse prognosis than childhood leukemias (Elert, 2013; Sung et al., 2021).
Racial/ethnic, social characteristics and geographic disparities of childhood cancer late-stage diagnosis in Texas, 2005 to 2014
Published in Annals of GIS, 2021
Niaz Morshed, F. Benjamin Zhan
Population health and health disparities have been discussed in terms of three primary levels of determinants: distal, intermediate, and proximal (Gehlert and Colditz 2011). This study incorporated the childhood cancer stage at diagnosis (early-stage and late-stage) as distal determinants. Intermediate determinants are described as social interactions and the physical context of a neighbourhood or community (Gehlert and Colditz 2011). In a built-up environment, spatial accessibility to healthcare residential segregation based on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES), and their opportunities for social interactions fall into the bigger picture of intermediate determinants. In the United States, the world’s childhood cancer experts at COG member institutions cared for more than 90% of the children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer (Children’s Oncology Group: The World’s childhood cancer experts 2021). Spatial accessibility to these specialized cancer institutions significantly affects childhood cancer stage at diagnosis.
Bayesian modeling of hematologic cancer and vehicular air pollution among young people in the city of São Paulo, Brazil
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2020
Adeylson Guimarães Ribeiro, Oswaldo Santos Baquero, Clarice Umbelino de Freitas, Francisco Chiaravalloti Neto, Maria Regina Alves Cardoso, Maria do Rosario Dias de Oliveira Latorre, Adelaide Cássia Nardocci
In a recent evaluation focusing on occupational and environmental exposure, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) confirmed that benzene is carcinogenic (Loomis et al. 2017). The authors drew that conclusion on the basis of considerable evidence in human studies, including several recent studies that have shown a positive association between environmental exposure to benzene and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children. The IARC had previously classified benzene as a human carcinogen based on more than 100 epidemiological studies investigating the effects of occupational exposure, concluding that there was sufficient evidence that it plays a role in the development of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, as well as limited evidence that it plays a role in that of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Baan et al. 2009). According to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, the most common diagnoses among individuals 0–14 years of age are leukemia and lymphoma, with 34.1% and 11.5%, respectively (Kaatsch 2010). Many studies have investigated the hypothesis that exposure to benzene, due to traffic-related air pollution or otherwise, is a strong predictor of the occurrence of childhood leukemia (Pyatt and Hays 2010; Vinceti et al. 2012; Houot et al. 2015; Carlos-Wallace et al. 2016; Janitz et al. 2017).