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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The lungs, the primary respiratory structure, occupy most of the volume of the thorax (Figure 4.1). They extend from the collarbones (clavicles) down to the diaphragm. The diaphragm bulges slightly upward to lie just below the lungs and heart. Abdominal organs nest into the space under the diaphragm. The chest wall and muscles of respiration work with the lungs to exchange waste gases from the body for oxygen from the air. Unlike the circular flow pattern of blood in the arteries and veins, the respiratory system is a linear structure—air first flows into and then waste gases leave the body through the same structures.
A systematic review of biodegradable materials in the textile and apparel industry
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
HuiYing Bao, Yan Hong, Tao Yan, Xiufen Xie, Xianyi Zeng
PCL has good biocompatibility and has great application prospects in the fields of biomedicine and biological tissue engineering. In biomedicine, it can be used for surgical sutures, fracture fixation devices and defect repair of the chest wall. PCL has a long molecular chain, the presence of hydrophobic groups, low degradation rate, and good permeability to particles with small molecular weight, so it can be used as a drug carrier to play a slow release effect. Currently, PCL also has a wide application in the field of drug slow release. In tissue engineering, PCL can be used to repair blood vessels, nerve fibers, retina, and bone tissue. Although PCL has many excellent properties, there are still some shortcomings, such as low thermal stability, low modulus, low strength, hydrophobicity and high cost, etc. In order to expand the application of PCL, researchers have modified it to improve its properties and reduce the production cost of PCL. The common modification methods include the addition of inorganic nanoparticles, plant cellulose nanofibers, copolymerization, etc. For example, Luduena et al. (2007) used montmorillonite to prepare PCL/montmorillonite nanocomposite films and showed that the addition of inorganic nanoparticles significantly improved the mechanical properties of the composite films. Habibi et al. (2008) used stannous octanoate as a catalyst to graft poly(lactone) on the surface of nanocellulose by ring-opening polymerization and then blended the treated nanocellulose with poly (lactone), which showed that the mechanical properties of the blended nanocellulose composites were higher than those of pure PCL. At present, the research work on PCL material mainly focuses on its biomedical properties and degradable properties, while the research on the properties for apparel application is less, and the application of PCL fiber in the textile and apparel industry is very limited. In the future, with the increasing concern of marine microplastic pollution, PCL fiber, the most special seawater degradable material, will be more researched and applied.