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Biothermodynamics
Published in Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will, Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics, 2022
Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will
A typical growth process of microbial or other cells is shown in Figure 8.3. The cells absorb a number of nutritional compounds, termed “substrates.” From these, they synthesize new cells, shown as new biomass. The growth process requires energy which, in the case of so-called “chemotrophic” organisms, is obtained by oxidizing or otherwise degrading some of the substrates into catabolic products (CO2, ethanol, water or similar compounds). The whole metabolic activity of the growing cell is thus subdivided into anabolism, comprising all the biochemical reactions needed to synthesize the new cells, and catabolism, designating the oxidation or degradation processes required to obtain energy.
Bioremediation
Published in Domenic Grasso, Hazardous Waste Site Remediation, 2017
Energy source: Chemotrophic - chemical reactions provide the energy for growth. If inorganic compounds provide the energy they are called Lithotrophic: if the source of energy is from an organic compound, they are known as OrganotrophicPhototrophic - use sunlight or other form of light as the energy source
Water Pollution and its Control
Published in Danny D. Reible, Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering, 2017
Microbes are most commonly classified by their source of energy and carbon and oxygen and temperature conditions under which they thrive. Classification by carbon source — Autotrophs employ carbon dioxide while heterotrophs employ organic carbon.Classification by energy source — Phototrophic bacteria employ light while chemotrophs use redox reactions as described above. Chemotrophic heterotrophs employ the redox reactions of organic compounds while chemotrophic autotrophs employ inorganic redox reactions as an energy source.Classification by optimum oxygen conditions — Aerobic organisms thrive in the presence of dissolved oxygen while anaerobic bacteria live in the absence of dissolved oxygen. Facultative organisms can adapt to either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Aerobic organisms employ oxygen as the electron acceptor in the redox processes while anaerobic organisms employ nitrate (denitrification), sulfate (sulfate reduction), or carbon dioxide (methanogenesis) as the electron acceptor.Classification by optimum temperature conditions — Cryophyllic organisms live in cold temperatures as low as −2°C and thrive at 12 to 18°C. Mesophyllic organisms thrive in temperatures of 25 to 40°C, while thermophyllic organisms can live at temperatures up to 75°C and thrive in temperatures of 55 to 65°C.
Removals of estrone and 17β-estradiol by microalgae cultivation: kinetics and removal mechanisms
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Chantima Ruksrithong, Songkeart Phattarapattamawong
The adsorption data for both algae were likely fitted to the Freundlich isotherm rather than the Langmuir isotherm (SI-3 and SI-4). The determination coefficients (R2) for the Freundlich isotherm of E1 and E2 by S. obliquus were 0.937 and 0.751, respectively. The R2 values for the Freundlich isotherm of E1 and E2 by C. vulgaris were 0.924 and 0.778, respectively. The R2 values for the Langmuir isotherm were lower. The adsorption coefficients of estrogens are listed in Table 2. The adsorption isotherm found in this study was consistent with the experiments of E1 and E2 removals by the activated sludge [32]. This similarity indicated that the adsorption of estrogens (E1 and E2) by either chemotroph or phototroph occurred in a heterogeneous condition with multilayers adsorption. The Freundlich adsorption constant (KF) values for E1 and E2 in S. obliquus were 0.0034 (µg mg−1)(L µg−1)0.523 and 0.0036 (µg mg−1)(L µg−1)0.640, respectively. For C. vulgaris, KF values for E1 and E2 were 0.0031 (µg mg−1)(L µg−1)0.523 and 0.0032 (µg mg−1)(L µg−1)0.584, respectively. The adsorptions of E1 and E2 by microalgae were in an unfavorable condition, indicated by the heterogeneity factors (1/n) less than 1.