China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Industrial Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions. In practice, the term “cell culture” has come to refer to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells. The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Animal cell culture became a common laboratory technique in the mid-1900s, but the concept of maintaining live cell lines separated from their original tissue source was discovered in the nineteenth century. Cells are grown and maintained at an appropriate temperature and gas mixture (typically, 37°C, 5% CO2 for mammalian cells) in a cell incubator. Culture conditions vary widely for each cell type, and variation of conditions for a particular cell type can result in different phenotypes being expressed. Aside from temperature and gas mixture, the most commonly varied factor in culture systems is the growth medium. Recipes for growth media can vary in pH, glucose concentration, growth factors, and the presence of other nutrients. The growth factors used to supplement media are often derived from animal blood, such as calf serum. One complication of these blood-derived ingredients is the potential for contamination of the culture with viruses or prions, particularly in biotechnology medical applications. Current practice is to minimize or eliminate the use of these ingredients wherever possible, but this cannot always be accomplished.
Vitro Alzheimer’s Disease Modeling Using Stem Cells
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Hyun-Ji Park, Song Ih Ahn, Jeong-Kee Yoon, Hyunjung Lee, YongTae Kim
Cell culture systems are an essential tool for basic research and extensive clinical studies. However, conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures cannot mimic the accurate physiological conditions of living organisms, a translational gap that undermines the reliability and importance of data obtained from in vitro modeling studies. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems using extracellular matrix-mimetic hydrogels provide more physiological environments. Recent approaches using human organs-on-chips offer more pathophysiologically relevant and predictive in vitro human disease models. This section discusses the current status of in vitro AD modeling, specifically regarding several stem cell engineering technologies. Stem cell-based disease modeling allows to recapitulate the patient-specific pathological features of diseases using the patients’ own cells or tissues. Recent advances in somatic cell reprogramming technologies [e.g., induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) engineering and direct reprogramming] enable the mimicry of pathological hallmarks in vitro.
Industrial biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions. In practice, the term “cell culture” has come to refer to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells. The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Animal cell culture became a common laboratory technique in the mid-1900s, but the concept of maintaining live cell lines separated from their original tissue source was discovered in the nineteenth century. Cells are grown and maintained at an appropriate temperature and gas mixture (typically, 37°C, 5% CO2 for mammalian cells) in a cell incubator. Culture conditions vary widely for each cell type, and variation of conditions for a particular cell type can result in different phenotypes being expressed. Aside from temperature and gas mixture, the most commonly varied factor in culture systems is the growth medium. Recipes for growth media can vary in pH, glucose concentration, growth factors, and the presence of other nutrients. The growth factors used to supplement media are often derived from animal blood, such as calf serum. One complication of these blood-derived ingredients is the potential for contamination of the culture with viruses or prions, particularly in biotechnology medical applications. Current practice is to minimize or eliminate the use of these ingredients wherever possible, but this cannot always be accomplished.
Toward an integrated framework for assessing micropollutants in marine mammals: Challenges, progress, and opportunities
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Edmond Sanganyado, Ran Bi, Charles Teta, Lucas Buruaem Moreira, Xiaoxuan Yu, Sun Yajing, Tatenda Dalu, Imran Rashid Rajput, Wenhua Liu
The biological effects of micropollutants in marine mammals can be assessed using in vivo and in vitro techniques. In vivo are conducted using captured animals under controlled conditions which makes it difficult to extrapolate to free ranging animals. Studies are scarce due to regulatory and ethical constraints that limit the use of whole animal tests in marine mammalian ecotoxicology (Weijs & Zaccaroni, 2016). Hence, in the past two decades, several in vitro techniques were developed for evaluating micropollutant toxicity in marine mammals. In vitro studies assess the biological effects of single contaminants or mixtures by exposing them to marine mammalian cells obtained from tissue or blood samples from living or stranded animals (Boroda, 2017; Rajput et al., 2018; Yajing et al., 2018). Cell cultures are a powerful tool for biochemical and toxicological studies because they can be used as a model for the whole animal for almost unlimited number of tests under different conditions pertinent to the investigation (Boroda, 2017; Weijs & Zaccaroni, 2016).
An automated approach for fibroblast cell confluency characterisation and sample handling using AIoT for bio-research and bio-manufacturing
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Muaadh Shamhan, Ahmad Syahrin Idris, Siti Fauziah Toha, Muhammad Fauzi Daud, Izyan Mohd Idris, Hafizi Malik
Cell culture is the process of cultivating cells in an artificial environment under certain conditions until they reach a specific growth rate. It is an essential process used in the bio-manufacturing industry to produce a variety of biologics, including vaccines, therapeutic proteins, and monoclonal antibodies (Kantardjieff & Zhou, 2014). In cell culture biology, the term confluency describes the percentage of cells covering the surface area of a culture flask or petri dish. When confluency reaches a certain level, the cells are required to be separated into new cell cultures (subculture) to enable further expansion and continuous growth of the cells (Greb, 2017).