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In Vitro Testing
Published in Julián Blasco, Ilaria Corsi, Ecotoxicology of Nanoparticles in Aquatic Systems, 2019
Alberto Katsumiti, Miren P. Cajaraville
Both primary cell cultures and cell lines from fishes have been used in a wide variety of toxicological studies (Schirmer 2006). One of the main advantages in the use of primary cell cultures is that these cells generally maintain many of the important markers and cellular functions seen in vivo. Guillouzo (1998) reported that primary hepatocytes retain liver’s specific functions and responses to toxicants for several days up to weeks. Three-dimensional (3D) fish primary liver spheroids have been used for assessment of chemicals toxicity as an alternative approach to mimic conditions in vivo (Baron et al. 2012, 2017, Uchea et al. 2015). However, primary cells have a finite lifespan and limited proliferation capacity, making it difficult to maintain an experimental routine. Instead, most of the in vitro studies based on fish cells used cell lines possibly because they are easy to handle and genetically identical, which aid to provide consistent and reproducible results.
Reconstituted 2D Cell and Tissue Models
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Nicole Schneider-Daum, Patrick Carius, Justus C. Horstmann, Claus-Michael Lehr
Cells that have been isolated from animal or human tissue and subsequently cultured in vitro are referred to as primary cells. They are usually regarded as the closest approximation of in vivo physiology as they directly originate from native tissues or organs and hence resemble a differentiated multiphenotype model with distinct cellular responses after taken into cell culture. Primary epithelial cells can be sub-cultured for a couple of passages after the initial isolation, but then may lose the ability to form high TEER values, lose barrier functions, or the capacity to differentiate (Yoon et al. 2000; Zabner et al. 2003). In addition to their shorter survival period compared to continuous cell line cultures, primary cells show donor-to-donor variations that impede the generation of reproducible results.
Principles and applications of bioprinting
Published in Ali Khademhosseini, Gulden Camci-Unal, 3D Bioprinting in Regenerative Engineering, 2018
Primary cells specifically refer to cells that are isolated or harvested directly from living or recently living tissue or organs. With the exception of stem cell and progenitor populations, the majority of primary cells are terminally differentiated cells that have a highly specified functionality. Ideally, these cells would be the optimal cell populations for bioprinting 3D tissue constructs or organs. For example, primary liver hepatocytes are vastly superior to hepatocyte-derived cell lines such as HEPG2 and HEPG2 C3A in terms of secretion of biological compounds such as albumin and urea, as well as the ability to metabolize drugs and toxins.41,66,73 However, as most primary cells are terminally differentiated, they possess limited to no proliferative capacity and are sensitive to in vitro conditions experienced during standard 2D tissue cultures. Instead, they often require highly customized conditions or expensive tissue-specific tissue culture media formulations.
Assessing the in vitro toxicity of airborne (nano)particles to the human respiratory system: from basic to advanced models
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Maria João Bessa, Fátima Brandão, Fernanda Rosário, Luciana Moreira, Ana Teresa Reis, Vanessa Valdiglesias, Blanca Laffon, Sónia Fraga, João Paulo Teixeira
For the assessment of (nano)particle toxicity in the respiratory tract, advanced 3D in vitro tissue models have been emerging as promising systems over traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. These models contain different cell types in varied orientation and number that need to be organized in a structure that reflects the tissue of interest. These cultures are often obtained from donor-derived primary cells or from stem cells such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)), and are commonly grown in tissue-specific scaffolds (Carvalho et al. 2020; Kastlmeier et al. 2022; Langhans 2018). These models either mimic normal or diseased tissues (Jackson and Lu 2016; Sotty et al. 2019). Advanced multicellular 3D lung tissue models better reflect cellular interactions observed in vivo and, therefore, enable investigation of the cellular interplay between different cell types following (nano)particle inhalation exposure. Some of these respiratory models display active ciliary beating and mucus production that mimic mucociliary clearance defense systems (George et al. 2019; Kooter et al. 2017).