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Drug Development Using Cloud Application
Published in Rishabha Malviya, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Sonali Sundram, Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj, Balamurugan Balusamy, Bioinformatics Tools and Big Data Analytics for Patient Care, 2023
Shilpa Singh, Sonali Sundram, Rishabha Malviya, Mahendran Sekar
Generally, the current drug discovery procedure is divided into three stages: drug discovery, drug designing assessment, and drug development.Stage 1: Drug discovery is the process of identifying and synthesizing drugs from plant origin and compounds. It includes some tests to determine the efficacy.Stage 2: A study of drug design might concentrate on ways to improve the selectivity and efficacy of potential drugs.Stage 3: Pre-clinical research, clinical development, drug authorization, and recalls are all part of drug development. It stresses more drug knowledge, such as possible advantages, safety issues, optimal dosage, the best method of preparation, and the mode of delivery selected. It also includes human tests for efficacy, safety, as well as many other critical factors.The drug development method eventually switches to the following six methods that have previously been validated by experts [41].
Insights into interactomics-driven drug repurposing to combat COVID-19
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Amrita Mukherjee, Ayushi Verma, Ananya Burli, Krishi Mantri, Surbhi Bihani
The conventional drug discovery process is a time-consuming venture. It takes 10–15 years for a drug since its discovery to get approval for human use. The conventional drug discovery approach results in the identification of new molecular therapeutics. The process consists of five stages: (1) discovery and preclinical phase, (2) safety review phase, (3) clinical research phase, (4) FDA review phase, and (5) post-market safety monitoring. All the stages make the overall process time consuming, costly, with an increased risk of failure. While the drug repurposing approach has only four stages: (1) compound identification, (2) compound acquisition, (3) development stage, and (4) post-market safety monitoring. Advancements in cheminformatics tools supported by biological and structural databases have significantly reduced the time and cost of the drug development process. In silico molecular docking techniques with structure-based drug design (SBDD) have further improved the drug repurposing technique. The drug repurposing process is beneficial for developing drugs for rapidly emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19. With conventional drug development, it will take 10–16 years to develop a new drug. On the other hand, this time can be reduced to three to ten years with a drug repurposing approach. With the advancement in omics technologies (genomics, proteomics, interactomics, etc.) and bioinformatics tools, it is surprisingly easy to identify the therapeutic targets for drug repurposing which further simplifies the complex drug discovery process.
Construction of polysaccharide scaffold-based perfusion bioreactor supporting liver cell aggregates for drug screening
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Lei Cao, Huicun Zhao, Mengyuan Qian, Chuxiao Shao, Yan Zhang, Jun Yang
A large amount of money (∼ $3–5 billion) and time (12–15 years) are massively demanded in the whole process of drug development. However, about 90% of the compounds fail during clinical trials [1, 2]. Among these failures, hepatotoxicity is a leading cause of all phases of investigation and the most frequent cause of post-marketing warnings and withdrawals [3–5]. Hepatocytes play a central role in drug metabolism as they are well equipped with diverse phase I enzymes (performed oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reaction) and phase II enzymes (performed conjugation reaction) [6, 7]. The in vitro culture of primary hepatocytes can provide a low-cost and high-throughput cell model for drug hepatotoxicity and metabolism evaluation [8, 9]. However, hepatocytes would lose their phenotype and function as well as proliferation ability rapidly after being isolated from the liver [10, 11]. The rebuilding of the three-dimensional (3 D) extracellular microenvironment required for primary hepatocytes can improve their long-term survival and the expressions of drug metabolic functions in vitro [12].