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Environmental Disease
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
Many factors combine to cause disease. It is the role of scientists to tease apart how much of a disease’s incidence—the number of new cases of the disease per year among the population—is caused by the environment. The environmental component is generally the controllable part of a disease. This is why it is important to know which environmental factors contribute to disease. What can be changed to reduce or limit human exposure to that disease-causing factor and therefore reduce the incidence of that disease? For instance, by 2050, urban air pollution, specifically particulate matter (PM) and ground-level ozone, is on track to be the main environmental cause of mortality worldwide, outpacing water pollution. At present, global premature deaths from exposure to PM are approximately one million per year. That number is expected to more than double by 2050, to almost 3.5 million premature deaths per year. Most of these deaths will be in countries and cities where the air quality continues to exceed the recommended PM level of 10 ug/ml.4 If a person lives in an urban area, these numbers are especially concerning. Is it safe to exercise outside? How serious are the risks? How can cities and countries reduce this risk?
What Is Diagnosis?
Published in Pat Croskerry, Karen S. Cosby, Mark L. Graber, Hardeep Singh, Diagnosis, 2017
Interested readers who pick up this book do not need the concept of diagnosis explained. However, it is likely that each of us has a different perspective and understanding of what a diagnosis is, and what we mean in our discourse about diagnosis. Most would agree that a diagnosis is an explanation of a pathological condition with determination of the underlying cause(es) and pathophysiology. A complete and accurate diagnosis explains physical manifestations, predicts the natural course and likely outcome, anticipates potential complications, and leads to suggested treatment options. An accurate diagnosis is essential to a successful medical encounter. A missed or delayed diagnosis may result in diminished opportunity to intervene to change the natural course of the disease. A misdiagnosis may lead to ineffective or even dangerous actions that may complicate the illness.
Pathology
Published in John A Plumb, Health Maintenance Of Cultured Fishes, 1994
A disease can be caused by an etiological (specific cause) or nonetiological (contributing cause) agent. Etiological agents are specific causes of disease and can be classified as either inanimate or animate agents. Inanimate etiological agents are factors without life of their own and can originate within a host (endogenous) or outside of a host (exogenous). Endogenous, inanimate agents are factors associated with the genetics and/or metabolic disorders of the host. Exogenous, inanimate agents include trauma such as handling, temperature shock, electrical shock, chemical toxicity, and dietary deficiencies. If etiological agents are severe enough, they can become sublethal stressors which may predispose fish to infectious disease. Animate etiologies are living, communicable infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and copepods.
Disease prediction in data mining using association rule mining and keyword based clustering algorithms
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2020
The medical expert system interest for independent decisions in medical and engineering applications is growing, as data become easily available. In a previous, an exponential in enhancement has been witnessed in the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic tests, from observing external symptoms and using sophisticated lab tests and complex imaging methods increasingly that permit detailed non enveloping internal examinations. This improved accuracy has certainly resulted in an exponential increase in the patient data available to the physician. The process of obtaining evidence to identify a probable cause of patient’s key symptoms from all other possible causes of the symptom are known as establishing a medical diagnosis[1].