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Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)
Published in Mark S. Johnson, Michael J. Quinn, Marc A. Williams, Allison M. Narizzano, Understanding Risk to Wildlife from Exposures to Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS), 2021
Previous studies have confirmed that rats and mice exposed to orally administered PFOS were affected in developmental and reproductive studies. Prenatal exposure of rats to PFOS increased neonatal mortality when dams were given PFOS doses ≥ 1 mg/kg-d, and decreased pup body weight was seen at maternal doses of 0.4 mg/kg-d. Neonatal death was demonstrated to be a direct consequence of PFOS on the pulmonary surfactant. Other developmental and reproductive toxicity effects included decreased gestation length and delays in development. Higher doses of PFOS exposure resulted in fetal sternal defects and cleft palate in both rats and mice. In addition, many specialized developmental studies have also been conducted with PFOS to assess in greater detail the long-term effects of PFOS exposure on offspring. Postnatal effects of gestational and lactational exposure included evidence that supported developmental neurotoxicity, changes in thyroid and reproductive hormones, altered lipid and glucose metabolism, and dampened functional immunocompetence (DeWitt et al. 2012).
Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Swallowing dysfunction can occur at every age and have various aetiologies. Normal ageing processes will result in deterioration of swallowing, including poor mastication and a delayed swallowing ‘trigger’, but aspiration (into the larynx and airways) is always considered abnormal. For many hospitals the most common underlying cause of acute swallowing dysfunction is a stroke, but chronic swallowing problems are associated with a range of other conditions, including head and neck pathologies (e.g. tumours of the oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx), neurological diseases (e.g. stroke, multiple sclerosis, motor neurone disease [MND] and Parkinson’s disease), head injury and other illnesses (e.g. psychological/functional, or as a side-effect of medication). Paediatric patients may be referred for investigation of poor sucking responses, cerebral palsy and cleft palate. Patients of all ages with learning disabilities may be referred as their condition often manifests in poor eating behaviours.
Human Health Studies
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health, 2020
The most compelling health findings are those from studies of reproductive outcomes in populations living near certain kinds of hazardous waste sites. The weight of evidence associates select birth defects and reduced birth weight of infants bom to parents who lived near sites. The release of VOCs into groundwater seems a common factor in studies of increased rates of birth defects and lower birth weight. The birth defects most often reported are malformations of the heart, neural tube, and oral cleft palate. There also is troubling evidence that human fertility in adults can be reduced from exposure as children to high levels of lead. This is significant because lead is the toxicant most commonly found in completed exposure pathways at hazardous waste sites (Chapter 2).
Hollow channels scaffold in bone regenerative: a review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Xiao Li, Dawn Elizabeth Coates
Bone defects are a common disease, resulting from a variety of underlying causes, including trauma, tumors, inflammation, and congenital factors. There are nearly 6.3 million cases of bone fracture and squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the United States, accounting for approximately 1% of all new cancer cases [1,2]. These serious condition both lead to a bone defects. Periodontitis [3], osteomyelitis [4], and cleft palate [5] are also associated with bone defects or the destruction of clinically important bone. Although autologous bone is still regarded as the gold standard treatment material because it possesses all essential osteoconduction, osteoinduction, and osteogenesis properties [6], patent morbidity and donor site complications have led to researchers to explore more suitable graft material which will actively promote bone regeneration.
The effectiveness of ergonomics interventions in reducing upper limb work-related musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction in sonographers, surgeons and dentists: a systematic review
Published in Ergonomics, 2021
Kristie Sweeney, Martin Mackey, Jacqueline Spurway, Jillian Clarke, Karen Ginn
Two studies (Hayes et al. 2014; Kuang et al. 2017), judged as fair quality, with risk of bias scores of 16 and 19, evaluated the use of magnifying prismatic glasses (loupes) that allow improved positioning in dental hygienists and surgeons. In dental hygienists, the use of prismatic glasses was associated with a significant decrease in self-reported upper extremity pain (p = 0.037) and no change in shoulder range of motion (p > 0.05). In surgeons performing cleft palate surgery, the use of prismatic glasses was associated with a significant improvement in shoulder discomfort (p = 0.035). No change in surgical duration was found when using prismatic glasses (p = 0.337).
May allergy have a role in primary or recurrent otitis media in Egyptian pediatric patients: a prospective study
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Mohammed El-Shahat, Asser ElSharkawy, Doaa Shahin, Ghada Barakat, Waleed Moneir
All patients were under conservative treatment for 3 months or more planning for surgical interference under general anesthesia. The patients were selected with inclusion criteria of age less than 18 years, bilateral OME, resistance to medical treatment for 3 months. The patients with the following criteria were excluded acute otitis media, perforated tympanic membrane, cleft palate, down syndrome, and craniofacial abnormalities. The patients’ age ranged from 3 to 15 years old with mean age of 7.88 years and standard deviation ± 3.00. A complete medical history, clinical evaluation, and radiological investigations were conducted for all patients.