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A Wireless Intraoral Tongue–Computer Interface
Published in Pietro Salvo, Miguel Hernandez-Silveira, Krzysztof Iniewski, Wireless Medical Systems and Algorithms, 2017
The palate is a 3D structure indicating the space at the roof of the mouth surrounded by the concave elliptical bony plate and can be characterized by length, width, and depth, which are defined as end-to-end distances of the palatal space in the anterior–posterior direction, medial–lateral direction, and superior–inferior direction, respectively. From the literature survey, we could find the mean length over the molar teeth as 29 mm, mean width between the first molar teeth as 32 mm, and mean depth as 10 mm. For the palatal retainer production, the boundary of the palate needs to be defined more accurately to not interfere with the original function of the palate [79]. The hamular notch is a key clinical landmark because the vibrating line (“Ah” line), which is used to define the maximum posterior extent of the palatal retainer, runs bilaterally through hamular notches. The vibrating line can also be defined as “the imaginary line across the posterior part of the palate marking the division between the movable and immovable tissues of the soft palate which can be identified when the movable tissues are moving.” It is hard to define the maximum thickness of the palatal retainer. However, to minimize the interference to the function of the palatal space as a temporal food reservoir and the support structure for pronunciation, it is important to minimize the thickness of the palatal retainer.
Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering for Craniofacial Deformities
Published in Atul Babbar, Ranvijay Kumar, Vikas Dhawan, Nishant Ranjan, Ankit Sharma, Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering, 2023
Jasmine Nindra, Mona Prabhakar
Craniofacial deformities are a diverse group of malformations in which the normal anatomy of skull, jaws, and adjacent soft tissues is severely impaired. These deformities may be present at the time of birth known as congenital anomalies or inflicted later by means of a traumatic event through sports or various other accidents known as acquired deformities (Elsten et al., 2020). One of the most prevalent congenital craniofacial defects is cleft lip with and without palate that affects 1 in 700 live births and also comprises the second most common congenital anomaly after club foot (Witt et al., 1999). Cleft lip and palate appear as a split in the lip or palate, which is identifiable at the time of birth. It occurs due to atypical embryological development resulting from non-fusion of the two maxillary processes, which form majority of palate, during 8–12 weeks of intra-uterine life. This interruption in palatogenesis is characterized by a defect in the oronasal separation, which requires surgical intervention to close the defect using various grafting techniques (Witt et al., 1999). This loss in continuity of craniofacial tissue occurring secondary to congenital or acquired conditions is associated with significant function and aesthetic and psychological affliction. Reconstruction of craniofacial deformities is a challenging procedure due to the complex nature of the surrounding anatomical structures such as sensory organs, facial skeletal features, cartilage, and blood vessels (Oliver et al., 2021). The gold standard reconstructive treatment of these craniofacial bony defects is bone grafting using autografts and allografts. However, these are associated with drawbacks of donor site morbidity in case of autografts and the potential immunogenic rejection in case of allografts (Tian et al., 2018).
Three-dimensional finite element analysis of initial displacement and stress on the craniofacial structures of unilateral cleft lip and palate model during protraction therapy with variable forces and directions
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Shahistha Parveen, Akhter Husain, Srinivas Gosla Reddy, Rohan Mascarenhas, Satish Shenoy
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most common birth deformities which results from the failure of fusion of the maxillary and palatine processes (Cobourne 2004). Cleft can involve both lip and palate, either lip or palate. Based on the type and site of involvement, it can be classified as complete or incomplete, unilateral or bilateral.