China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Principal characteristics of speech
Published in Sadaoki Furui, Digital Speech Processing, Synthesis, and Recognition, 2018
The speech production process involves three subprocesses: source generation, articulation, and radiation. The human vocal organ complex consists of the lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and nasal and oral cavities. Together these form a connected tube as indicated in Fig. 2.2. The upper portion beginning with the larynx is called the vocal tract, which is changeable into various shapes by moving the jaw, tongue, lips, and other internal parts. The nasal cavity is separated from the pharynx and oral cavity by raising the velum or soft palate.
Computational modeling of child’s swallowing to simulate choking on toys
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2020
Yukihiro Michiwaki, Takahiro Kikuchi, Tetsu Kamiya, Yoshio Toyama, Motoki Inoue, Keigo Hanyuu, Megumi Takai, Seiichi Koshizuka
At the start of swallowing, the soft palate lifted upward. On the other hand, the tongue started a progressively wave-like movement as its concaved section gradually progressed backward, while the toy ball was transported to the pharynx. The epiglottis rotated downward to cover the larynx and preserve the airway (Figure 4(d)). The ball entered even deeper in the pharynx to rest on the rotated epiglottis. The toy ball of 15 mm in diameter not only occupied the airway in the pharynx but also made the epiglottis cover the larynx, causing total airway obstruction (Figure 4(e)). The airway obstruction induces choking or asphyxia, which causes death or severe damage due to hypoxia.
Understanding the complex microenvironment in oral cancer: the contribution of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago over the last 100 years
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Alison Mary Rich, Haizal Mohd Hussaini, Benedict Seo, Rosnah Bt Zain
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy in the oral cavity and accounts for more than 90% of oral cancer (Warnakulasuriya 2009). The common sites for OSCC are tongue, buccal mucosa, gingiva, floor of the mouth and lip. Gavidi et al. (2014) described 1916 cases of OSCC in New Zealand that had been diagnosed at the Oral Pathology Centre, a specialised oral pathology diagnostic centre at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, between 2000 and 2010. It was shown that OSCC was more common in men with the mean average age at the time of diagnosis being 63 and tongue being the most prevalent site. Chronic high alcohol intake and tobacco smoking are the most common aetiological agents of OSCC in New Zealand (Yakin et al. 2017), while chewing areca wrapped in betel leaf (betel quid) is a frequent cause of OSCC in many Southern Asia countries where OSCC is particularly prevalent. There has been a marked increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) over recent years and many of these lesions have been associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The oropharynx is the part of the pharynx that comprises the soft palate, pillars of the fauces, palatine tonsils, uvula and posterior one-third or base of the tongue. It is important that carcinoma of this area (OPC) is differentiated from OSCC since they have a different aetiology and prognosis. In contrast to the oropharynx, current evidence for the role of HPV in the development of OSCC is much less certain (Lopes et al. 2011; Tauati-Williams 2019; Yakin et al. 2019a). In this paper, OSCC is defined as squamous cell carcinoma arising in the oral cavity and lip vermilion, excluding the skin of the lips and oropharynx, unless stated otherwise.
Modelling of swallowing organs and its validation using Swallow Vision®, a numerical swallowing simulator
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
Yukihiro Michiwaki, Tetsu Kamiya, Takahiro Kikuchi, Yoshio Toyama, Keigo Hanyuu, Megumi Takai, Seiichi Koshizuka
The swallowing movement begins with the motion of the tongue for transporting the bolus and the elevation of the soft palate. Subsequently, the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage are raised forward and upward, and the pharyngeal wall contracts and shortens. Gradually, the epiglottis inverts downward and the arytenoids move inward and forward, closing the laryngeal inlet. Within the larynx, the vocal cords move inwardly, touch each other and close the glottis. Finally, the inlet of the oesophagus opens, and the bolus is passed into the oesophagus (Figure 5). Such movements were reproduced with the organ model.