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A Combination of Dilated Adversarial Convolutional Neural Network and Guided Active Contour Model for Left Ventricle Segmentation
Published in Kayvan Najarian, Delaram Kahrobaei, Enrique Domínguez, Reza Soroushmehr, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Medicine, 2022
Heming Yao, Jonathan Gryak, Kayvan Najarian
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death globally, taking the lives of 17.7 million people every year, and comprises 31% of all global deaths (Organization & Unit, 2014). Early diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease can significantly improve patient prognosis and quality of life. One of the critical diagnostic tools is Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging. Due to its diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility, CMR is currently the standard used to quantitatively evaluate global and regional cardiac function. Based on CMR images, quantitative analysis can be performed to derive numerical physiological parameters such as end-systolic volume (ESV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), ejection fraction (EF), and left ventricle (LV) mass. These parameters can facilitate the diagnosis and management of a variety of cardiac diseases, including ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies (Schulz-Menger et al., 2013; Yusuf et al., 2003). Studies have also shown that these parameters are significant predictors of prognosis and can be used to guide the treatment of heart disease (Bluemke et al., 2008; Knauth et al., 2008; Sachdeva et al., 2015).
Tissue Engineering in Reconstruction and Regeneration of Visceral Organs
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Soma Mondal Ghorai, Sudhanshu Mishra
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death around the world. Heart is a complex organ, meticulously arranged in layers, and made up of smooth muscle cells, blood vessels, fibroblasts, cardiac myocytes, nerves, and ECM components such as cardiac interstitium and collagen (Di Donato et al., 2004). In the past, many therapeutic strategies have been employed to rectify the damaged ischemic tissue or ventricular dilation and also to develop new myocardial tissue. With the help of cellular therapy (so-called cellular cardiomyoplasty), cells of different origin are implanted onto the infarcted ventricle with the expectation that cells will electrically couple with the host myocardium and contribute to the generation of new contractile tissue to replace the damaged tissue (Chachques, 2011). Attempts, so far, have failed to successfully implanted cells, which die soon after transplantation, as they are unable to withstand the mechanical forces they experience in the host tissue (Wu et al., 2009). The underlying mechanisms that govern the cardiac structure-function relationship are not yet known completely. The roles of paracrine factors, which play an important role, are some critical issues that are still to be clarified. Many factors should be taken into account like, for example, from delivery of maximum cells to minimal death, the optimal time of cell administration, the minimum immune rejection owing to inflammation, and avoidance of fibroid scar formation (Zhou et al., 2006).
Computational Methods in Cardiovascular Mechanics
Published in Michel R. Labrosse, Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
F. Auricchio, M. Conti, A. Lefieux, S. Morganti, A. Reali, G. Rozza, A. Veneziani
Cardiovascular disease is the generic name given to dysfunctions of the cardiovascular system such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke. Cardiovascular disease is still the main cause of death in Europe, leading to almost twice as many deaths as cancer across the continent (Townsend et al., 2015). In particular, within the broad family of CVD, we will refer in the following text to focal obstructive lesions or stenosis of the arteries (coronaries, carotid, and limb arteries) and heart valves or the abnormal localized bulging of the aorta called aneurysm. The use of endovascular approaches has revolutionized the treatment of this class of vascular diseases, which used to be treated by combining open surgery with medical management. In fact, in recent decades, endovascular therapy of vascular diseases has broadened its field of applications—from coronary stenting to treat atherosclerotic stenosis to the endovascular replacement of aortic valve. As mentioned earlier, the broadening of indications for endovascular therapy has been supported by improvements in the design and technological content of endovascular devices. Such advancements have been supported by dedicated biomechanical analyses of the artery–device interactions through computational tools, such as structural finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which are nowadays extensively used during the design of devices (Alaimo et al., 2017), for preoperative planning (Morganti et al., 2016, de Jaegere et al., 2016), or in diagnostics (Gasser et al., 2016; Gaur et al., 2017), as discussed in the following text, which deals with different aspects of simulating tissues and structures in cardiovascular mechanics. In particular, we will focus herein on the simulation of endovascular treatments of peripheral arteries (e.g., carotid artery) and the aortic valve, and we will neglect coronary stenting, which deserves a dedicated dissertation, as reported in (Morlacchi et al., 2013).
inHEART Models software – novel 3D cardiac modeling solution
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Leah A. John, Brett Tomashitis, Zain Gowani, Dan Levin, Chau Vo, Ian John, Jeffrey R. Winterfield
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 30% of all deaths globally. Roughly half of all cardiovascular deaths are due to sudden cardiac death (SCD), and 80% of these deaths result from ventricular arrhythmias (VA) [1,2]. VA often occurs in patients with structural heart disease, including those with ischemic (ICM) and/or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), or in those with genetic predispositions. Clinical presentation can vary from syncope, electrical storm, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, and SCD [1]. Treatment strategies for prevention of SCD and reduction of VA risk include implantation of implantable-cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), anti-arrhythmic drug therapy, and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for ventricular tachycardia (VT). These therapies, however, are not without inherent risks including adverse drug effects, procedural risks, and inadequate efficacy [3]. Efforts aimed at improving the efficacy of such therapies are essential in optimizing patient safety and treatment success. In those requiring RFCA, advanced cardiac imaging is becoming an increasingly integral component in pre-procedural planning to guide ablation strategy.
Kinematic motion representation in Cine-MRI to support cardiac disease classification
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Alejandra Moreno, Jefferson Rodríguez, Fabio Martínez
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death around the world, with more than 17.9 million deaths per year, 31% of all deaths worldwide ‘(World Health Organization 2018)’. Heart movement is directly related to cardiac conditions, and therefore result fundamental for diagnosis and following the effectiveness of particular treatments. In clinical routine, cine-MRI sequences bring a powerful observational tool to analyse, explore and quantify cardiac morphological and physiological patterns. For instance, the ejection fraction (EF) is a measure that allows to characterise a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, with a full correspondence of bombing capability during the cardiac cycle ( less than 50% in this index is considered abnormal). Nevertheless, the computation of such measures involves manual delineation of an expert, which result tedious and could be prone to errors. Additionally, such measures could be insufficient to characterise and differentiate complex cardiac behaviours among heart diseases.
Cyclopeptide-β-cyclodextrin/γ-glycerol methoxytrimethoxysilane film for potential vascular tissue engineering scaffolds
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Heyi Mao, Yidan Zhang, Lei Wang, Anduo Zhou, Shanfeng Zhang, Jing Cao, Huang Xia
Cardiovascular diseases account for the highest fatality rate worldwide [1] and are estimated to reach 23.3 million deaths by 2030 [2,3]. Common clinical treatments for cardiovascular diseases include decellularized stent implantation, drug therapy, and vascular bypass transplantation [4]. Drug treatment and decellularized stent implantation cannot fundamentally solve the problem and are prone to immune rejection [5,6]. Although vascular bypass transplantation is currently an effective treatment, the lack of autologous vessels has led to the use of vascular allografts and synthetic grafts, including polyethylene terephthalate and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. These grafts can replace large-diameter blood vessels [7,8]. However, artificial blood vessels prepared from synthetic materials generally have shortcomings such as low biocompatibility and poor endothelial cell adhesion on the surface of the material. They manifest as small-diameter artificial vascular grafts as very easy activation of coagulation reactions to form thrombosis after the surface of a vessel comes into contact with blood, resulting in unsatisfactory long-term patency [9], because of the high incidence of thrombosis, stenosis, and infection, the currently available vascular prostheses cannot effectively solve the problem of small-diameter (<6 mm) vascular transplants [10]. Tissue engineering provides new avenues for solving the problems of small-diameter blood vessels.