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Job Demands, Health, and Well-Being for a Changing Population
Published in R. S. Bridger, Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2017
A few generalizations can be made. Weight gain in adult men is normal up to the age of 50 years due to the presence of a small, positive energy balance. It tails-off at about the age of 50 years. At the age of 45 years, the average body mass of men and women is 20% higher than it was 20 years before. Cardiorespiratory fitness declines with age, but the effect is not linear—it declines more rapidly after 45 years of age. The decline is accelerated by being overweight or obese. Jackson et al. (2009) found declines in metabolic capacity of 0.31 and 0.20 METS for men and women for every unit increase in BMI. Smoking had a similar effect. Thus, the decline in cardiorespiratory fitness that occurs with age can be slowed by being physically active, not smoking and maintaining a low BMI.
Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Schizophrenia and Their Healthy Relatives
Published in Herbert F. Jelinek, David J. Cornforth, Ahsan H. Khandoker, ECG Time Series Variability Analysis, 2017
Karl-Jürgen Bär, Steffen Schulz, Andreas Voss
Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong and independent mortality predictor for humans (Myers et al. 2002). Therefore, it is important to investigate fitness in patients with schizophrenia, since it might be one approach for modifying the increased cardiac mortality risk associated with the disease. Overall, reduced physical fitness is a commonly reported trait among patients with schizophrenia that can be improved by means of physical interventional studies (Herbsleb et al. 2014Falkai et al. 2013Pajonk et al. 2010). Ostermann et al. (2013) investigated autonomic function during physical exercise. Interestingly, they showed increased breathing rates and reduced vagal modulation during the entire test. However, heart rates were only initially increased in comparison to controls. The authors reported that reduced vagal function during the exercise test correlated with the inflammatory response after exercise as assessed by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. This result touches on a further important relationship between vagal modulation and inflammatory response (Boeckxstaens 2013). Most interestingly, Bär (2015) showed that chronotropic incompetence (CI), which is a strong predictor for cardiovascular mortality, is reported in about 60% of patients with schizophrenia taking regular medication. CI is defined as the inability of the heart to increase its rate commensurate with increased activity or demand. It has been established as a predictor of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality (Lauer et al. 1999). Most interestingly, the authors describe similarly a lack of catecholamine increase and a close correlation between CI and the duration of disease. Thus, future studies need to investigate the cardiovascular benefit which patients might gain due to different types of exercise to reduce their potential cardiovascular risk profile (Herbsleb et al. 2014).
Associations between swimming & cycling abilities and fitness in 9-11 year old boys and girls
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Amie B. Richards, Leon Klos, Nils Swindell, Lucy J. Griffiths, Kristine De Martelaer, Lowri C. Edwards, Sinead Brophy, Gareth Stratton
Having the ability to swim and cycle are strongly associated with children’s fitness levels, particularly their cardiorespiratory fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness has been strongly associated with health outcomes. Therefore, swimming and cycling, and their associated skills such as balance and coordination should be developed and encouraged from a young age. These activities will not only improve fitness levels but also expand the range of activities and leisure time opportunities that children can participate in due to the development of specific movement skills, balance and coordination. Schools should continue to offer swimming lessons and incorporate cycling based programmes into their physical education curriculum to remove any common barriers; including affluence (Sport England,2019) and parents swimming ability (2009). Given the health benefits of sport in general, and specifically swimming and cycling, designing learning environments that offer a rich and safe landscape of outdoor and indoor opportunities is important. This will serve to promote lifelong participation in the plethora of water related activities and for cycling as active transport and recreational or competitive sport practice.
Interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training for cardiorespiratory fitness improvements in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Eric Tsz-Chun Poon, Waris Wongpipit, Robin Sze-Tak Ho, Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
Physical inactivity is one of the leading causes of global mortality and increases the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancers and premature mortality (World Health Organization [WHO], 2016). An inactive lifestyle coupled with advancing age is associated with a decline in cardiorespiratory fitness, which negatively affects an individual’s functional capacity (Sbardelotto et al., 2019). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), which represents the maximum amount of oxygen utilization by exercising muscles, is one of the most commonly used markers for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness. From a public health perspective, cardiorespiratory fitness is a more powerful predictor of mortality when compared with other well-established risk factors such as hypertension, smoking and obesity (Myers et al., 2002). Cardiorespiratory fitness declines steadily in sedentary individuals at a rate of approximately 1% per year after the third decade of life (Posner et al., 1995). As such, evidence-based fitness training programmes aimed at the improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness would have important clinical implications for the general population, especially in individuals with advancing age.
Water-based exercises in postmenopausal women: Vertical ground reaction force and oxygen uptake responses
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Cristine Lima Alberton, Paula Zaffari, Stephanie Santana Pinto, Thais Reichert, Natália. Carvalho Bagatini, Ana Carolina Kanitz, Bruna Pereira Almada, Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
Advancing age is associated with a decline in muscle mass, strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness, resulting in an impairment in the functional capacity and performance of daily living activities of older individuals (Aagaard, Suetta, Caserotti, Magnusson, & Kjaer, 2010; Astrand, Astrand, Hallback, & Kilbom, 1973; Izquierdo et al., 2001). In addition, aging is associated to an increase in total body mass and adipose tissue, which are more pronounced in women during and after menopause, due to a reduction in estrogen hormone (Franklin, Ploutz-Snyder, & Kanaley, 2009; Snijders, Verdijk, & van Loon, 2009). To counteract these effects, regular physical activity is a cornerstone intervention for middle-aged and elderly individuals (American College of Sports Medicine, 2009).