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Treatment of acute contrast reactions
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Cardiac arrest is defined as occurring when the patient is unconscious, unresponsive and has no detectable pulse or blood pressure. If a patient is found in this condition, a ‘Code’ should be called and immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be started.31,76 Treatment can be summarized as follows: call a Code;start basic life support and CPR;start cardiac monitoring as soon as equipment is available;start defibrillation if appropriate; defibrillation supersedes CPR when the necessary equipment is available.
First Aid and Medical Personnel
Published in Patrick A. Michaud, Accident Prevention and Osha Compliance, 2017
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), is the combination of artificial respiration and manual artificial circulation that is recommended for use in cases of cardiac arrest. CPR provides proper care at the earliest possible time, which is vital. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation involves the following “ABCD” steps: Airway openingBreathing restoredCirculation restoredDefinitive therapy
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Human Biology
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
As the central command of the human body, nervous system is perhaps the most complicated and least understood system, although we have learned a lots about it already. As Dr. Francis Collins, the Director of the US National Institutes of Health, pointed out, the complexity of nervous system starts with the facts that there are 100 billion neurons in our brain. Each one of those individual neuron has about 10,000 connections (BRAINYQUOTE 2018d). The nervous system provides electrical signaling that guide the muscle movement, guide our thinking, memory, language, and emotion, sensing temperature, pain, taste, smell, touch, sound, and vision, and help us for the interpretation of our encounter in environmental conditions. Again, the nervous system cannot fulfill all of its functions without help from other systems either. For example, it requires the musculoskeletal system to provide a steady structural frame of support for the central part of system. In addition, the help from cardiovascular system is needed to sustain the nervous system by providing the needed oxygen and nutrient. Without the blood floating to the brain for just a few minutes, brain tissue death from hypoxia will start to occur, leading quickly to the death of the entire brain, and for this very reason CPR was developed to be the first medical response in case of cardiac arrest. For the year of 2016, there were more than 350,000 incidence of outside hospital cardiac arrest and in 46% cases CPR actions were performed by bystanders, resulting in a survival rate of 12% (AHA 2018). The nervous system is commonly divided into the central and peripheral nervous system.
Investigating the effects of external pressure on coronary arteries with plaques and its role in coronary artery disease
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Jagath Gunasekera, Goksu Avdan, H. Felix Lee, Soondo Kweon, Jon Klingensmith
In this study we envisaged an additional cause for thrombosis. An application of Bernoulli’s principle to 3 D arterial stenosis shows how an increase in blood flow velocity at the maximum stenosis point can cause a negative transmural pressure, which compresses the lumen (Figure 1(a)) [24]. At the same time, if the artery walls are experiencing external pressure, this together with negative transmural pressure, can result in an inward collapse of the arterial wall, potentially leading to a rupture of the plaque causing a thrombosis which will lead to SCD. When a person is undergoing a cardiac arrest, the first and main resuscitation procedure the medical personnel or first responders would perform is CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation). The question is whether this is a safe procedure for a person with coronary artery stenosis due to plaque or whether coughing, performing the valsalva manoeuvre, or sneezing can lead to a life-threatening situation for a person with severe stenosis. All these actions - CPR, sneezing and coughing - could lead to a sharp increase in pressure which can augment exerted external force on the stenotic coronary artery [25–27]. The most recent study by Marino et al. on the effects of pressure overload leading to coronary plaque formation, progression, and myocardial events in mice is a testament to the importance of this study, modelling the external pressure on the human heart [28].
Outcomes after mechanical versus manual chest compressions in eCPR patients
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Christopher Gaisendrees, Stephen Gerfer, Borko Ivanov, Anton Sabashnikov, Julia Merkle, Maximilian Luehr, Georg Schlachtenberger, Sebastian G Walter, Kaveh Eghbalzadeh, Elmar Kuhn, Ilija Djordjevic, Thorsten Wahlers
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been the first-line treatment of cardiac arrest for decades. Chest compression is, besides ventilation, a vital component of CPR and should be initiated immediately upon witnessed cardiac arrest to maintain end-organ perfusion. In therapy-refractory cardiac arrest, prolonged chest-compression times are necessary to bridge transportation time to the hospital. Consequently, mechanical chest compression devices have gained increased popularity in resuscitative medicine, mainly in pre-hospital settings [1]. Although there are priston-type and load-distribution devices, only the LUCAS2 (Lund University Cardiopulmonary Assist System; Physio-Control Inc./Jolife AB, Lund, Sweden) device is currently used in pre-hospital settings in our region. These mechanical CPR devices generate automatically driven rhythmic chest compressions but have yet failed to show superiority in survival and outcomes compared to conventional chest compressions [2]. However, injuries after prolonged chest compressions are well known and have been described before [3].
Simulating cardiac arrest events to evaluate novel emergency response systems
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2020
Greg Lancaster, Jeffrey Herrmann
Cardiac arrest occurs when the electrical activity of the heart fails to stimulate muscle contractions in an organized rhythm. Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia are arrhythmias which result in loss of circulation to the lungs, brain, and vital organs. Treating these arrhythmias requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which uses chest compressions to force the heart to circulate blood, and defibrillation, which is an electrical shock applied across the torso to reset the electrical rhythm of the heart.