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Build Your Own Pulse Oximeter
Published in Anudeep Juluru, Shriram K. Vasudevan, T. S. Murugesh, fied!, 2023
Anudeep Juluru, Shriram K. Vasudevan, T. S. Murugesh
A pulse oximeter is a device that can non-invasively measure the heart rate and level of oxygen (SpO2) in a person’s blood using light. It has two LEDs: one of them emits monochromatic red light at a wavelength of 660 nm, and the other emits monochromatic infrared light at a wavelength of 940 nm. There is a specific reason for choosing these wavelengths. At these wavelengths, the oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin have different absorptive properties as shown in Figure 20.1, which will help us in knowing the proportion of oxygenated haemoglobin and deoxygenated haemoglobin in the blood. The pulse oximeter also has two photodiodes for detecting the amount of red and infrared light passed through the tissues. These are placed inside a case to minimize the surrounding ambient light falling on it.
Designing for Hand and Wrist Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Hand and wrist arteries can be monitored to determine health status. Medical professionals routinely determine heart rate and pulse quality at an accessible wrist pulse point over the radial artery proximal to the thumb (review Chapter 2, Section 2.7.2 on locating pulse points at the wrist). A second pulse point can be felt at the ulnar artery that lies over the volar distal ulna. Arteries in the fingertips can be used to measure oxygen in the blood. Pulse oximetry was described in Chapter 2, Section 2.7.2 as a non-invasive method for monitoring oxygen levels in the blood. A finger “pulse-ox” monitoring device looks much like a kitchen “chip clip” with two opposing parts. It fastens over the dorsal and volar fingertip. Oxygen content of pulsing arterial blood is determined by measuring light absorption. The fingertip is easily accessed and small enough to allow the light from one side of the clip to penetrate through the tissues and be picked up by the other side of the clip (Severinghaus & Honda, 1987).
Cardiovascular System:
Published in Michel R. Labrosse, Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
The arteries move blood away from the heart and, with the exception of the pulmonary artery, carry oxygenated blood. The elastic fibers within the arterial wall allow for high compliance or “expandability.” The elastic arteries, or conducting arteries, include the aorta and its major branches. They range in diameter from 1 to 2.5 cm and contain a high proportion of elastin within the tunica layers. These arteries act as a pressure reservoir that expands as it receives blood from the left ventricle in systole and then recoils during diastole, helping to smooth out the pulsatile flow seen in these vessels. The thick wall and high percentage of elastic tissues help the vessel withstand the high and changing pressures. The peak arterial pressure (or systolic pressure) is seen during ventricular ejection, while the minimal arterial pressure (or diastolic pressure) occurs just before ejection begins. The difference in systolic and diastolic pressure is called the pulse pressure. It is dependent on the stroke volume ejected by the ventricle, as well as the vessel’s elastic properties that determine arterial compliance. With aging, the arterial vessel walls can stiffen (arteriosclerosis) and result in a higher pulse pressure. This will be discussed in more detail in Chapters 6 and 11.
Importance and use of pulse oximeter in COVID-19 pandemic: general factors affecting the sensitivity of pulse oximeter
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2020
Kirtikumar C. Badgujar, Ashish B. Badgujar, Dipak V. Dhangar, Vivek C. Badgujar
Pulse oximeter is a small, non-expensive, non-invasive, easily usable device which can be used in primary clinical care to determine the oxygen saturation. It can be significantly used to observe the oxygen saturation in quarantine or hospitalised patients. Thus the pulse oximeter has become a game-changer in COVID-19 pandemic to detect the oxygen requirement in patients. Furthermore, it detects the severity of disease in patients and ‘Silent hypoxia’ in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. Thus, the use of the pulse oximeter is playing a very crucial role in managing COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are several factors associated with the accurate use of the pulse oximeter which need to understand to get correct reading. All these factors affected % SpO2 (pulse oximeter) reading marginally; however, a major significant effect of controlling factors cannot be ruled out. The influence of various factors can be easily detected by the appropriate use of the pulse oximetre. Thus the present article made an attempt to address important aspects of the pulse oximeter such as the (i) role of pulse oximeter in managing COVID-19 (ii) basic engineering principle of the pulse oximeter (iii) various factors affecting the sensitivity of the pulse oximeter (iv) pros, cons and challenges in the use of the pulse oximeter.
Effect of the level of effort during resistance training on intraocular pressure
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Jesús Vera, Raimundo Jiménez, Beatríz Redondo, Alejandro Torrejón, Carlos Gustavo De Moraes, Amador García-Ramos
A wrist digital automatic blood-pressure monitor (RX3, Omron, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands), which has been clinically validated (Cuckson, Moran, Seed, Reinders, & Shennan, 2004), was used to measure BP before and after each training set. Blood-pulse pressure (BPP) was calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure reading.