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Role of marine polysaccharides in treatment of metabolic disorders
Published in Antonio Trincone, Enzymatic Technologies for Marine Polysaccharides, 2019
Manigandan Venkatesan, Velusamy Arumugam, Rathinam Ayyasamy, Karthik Ramachadran, Subhapradha Namasivayam, Umamaheswari Sundaresan, Archunan Govindaraju, Ramachandran Saravanan
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone synthesized in humans and other mammals within the β cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The islets of Langerhans form the endocrine part of the pancreas, accounting for 2% of the total mass of the pancreas, with β cells constituting 60–80% of all the cells of the islets of Langerhans. Insulin exhibits a multitude of effects in many tissues, with liver, muscle, and adipose tissue being the most important target organs for insulin action. The basic physiological function of insulin is to promote the synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The effects of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism include stimulation of glucose transport across muscle and adipocyte cell membranes, regulation of hepatic glycogen synthesis, and inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (Piero et al. 2015).
Bioartificial organs
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
The basic functional cellular units of the liver are called the hepatocytes. Each hepatocyte is about 25 μm in diameter, and there are close to 250 billion of them in the human liver, accounting for 75% of the liver volume. The hepatocytes are metabolically very active and provide an incredible variety of functions. Their role in carbohydrate metabolism includes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen and the release of this stored form of glucose (glycogenolysis) when blood glucose levels are low. In addition, the liver converts other sugars such as galactose and fructose to glucose. If blood glucose levels are low and the glycogen stores are also depleted, then the liver performs a process known as gluconeogenesis wherein glucose is synthesized from amino acids.
Activities Supporting Work Ability in Workers with Chronic Diseases
Published in Joanna Bugajska, Teresa Makowiec-Dąbrowska, Tomasz Kostka, Individual and Occupational Determinants, 2020
According to International Diabetes Federation data (IDF 2015), there were 59.8 million people with diabetes, accounting for 9.1% of the population aged 20–79 years in 2015. It is predicted that in 2040, the prevalence of diabetes will reach 71.1 million cases (10.7% of the population aged 20–79 years). These data indicate that diabetes is an enormously grave and continuously growing problem of contemporary communities since it affects a vast number of socially active people, including those continuing their education or being on the eve of getting a job suitable to their skills. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease resulting from carbohydrate metabolism disorders, often accompanied by lipid metabolism disturbances. There are several types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 10%–20% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. It is due to the autoimmune process involving the occurrence of antibodies destroying beta-cells of the pancreas which produce insulin, a hormone responsible for glucose transport from blood to cells. In consequence, it causes growth of glucose blood level, being thus responsible for the onset of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a civilization-related disease, directly related to social factors. It accounts for the highest percentage of all types of diabetes, namely 80%. Its course is usually asymptomatic, and the disease is usually diagnosed at follow-up or is manifested by late complications such as vision impairment, myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular stroke. Other types of diabetes (e.g. steroid diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus) account for about 3%–5% of all cases of diabetes.
Heavy metal contamination and health risk evaluation of chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) consumed in Turkey
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Şeref Turhan, Nezahat Turfan, Aslı Kurnaz
Cr is found in the environment and certain foods. Chromium ions occur in two known forms: trivalent (Cr3+) and hexavalent (Cr6+). Cr3+ is essential for normal protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism and helps convert glucose into energy, supporting healthy blood glucose and blood pressure levels (Nematollahi et al. 2021). However, Cr6+ is toxic and carcinogenic and can damage biological regularities (Nematollahi et al. 2021). The Cr concentrations analyzed in the Turkish chestnut samples varied from 608 to 5333 µg/kg with an average value of 1618 µg/kg. The highest Cr concentration was analyzed in the chestnut sample coded TC-7 (Ödemiş district of Izmir, Aegean Region of Turkey) while the lowest Cr concentration was analyzed in the chestnut sample coded TC-9 (Tire district of Izmir, Aegean Region of Turkey). Food products (especially fruit, vegetable, fish, and meat) involve Cr at concentrations varying from <10 to 1300 μg/kg (WHO 2003). The average Cr concentration in the chestnut fruit samples consumed in Turkey is lower than those of chestnut fruit samples consumed in China and Portugal.
Stress, growth, cytokines and histopathological effects of permethrin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Kenan Erdoğan, Gül Nihal Örün, Nuh Korkmaz, Belda Erkmen, Hüseyin Polat, Arzu Doğru, Mehmet İlker Doğru, İbrahim Örün
The increase in blood glucose level is a rapid response to the stress that the fish are exposed to sublethal and acute pollutants [65]. Because the increase in blood glucose level is a response of carbohydrate metabolism disorder due to physicochemical stress. It is well known that pesticide contaminants stimulate the adrenal gland, resulting in increased levels of glucocorticoids and catecholamines [69]. Cholinesterase inhibition by the effect of the pesticide causes excessive secretion of cortisol. Also, the primary stress response in fish requires activation of the HPI axis and the release of ACTH, which stimulates the interrenal cells to synthesise and release cortisol. Cortisol secreted as a result of these events stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose by glycogenolysis in the liver. Thus, physiological responses to meet the energy crisis of under stressed fish emerge. Therefore, CORT plays a functional role in activating energy in fish [70].
Effective sequestration of chromium by bacterial biosorption: a review
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Rinaldo John, Anand Prem Rajan
Cr(III) is known as an important part of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism. Biologically, chromium is an active part of an oligopeptide chromium binding substance, enabling the insulin to bind with the cell surface receptors. Chromium activities are equivalent to insulin functions as chromium acts as a cofactor of insulin.[25] The absorption of chromium is quite low for inorganic compounds (0.4–2.0%), while the readiness of organic chromium is about 10 times higher.[26] The chromium absorbed in blood circulates bounded to the β-globulin and is transported to the tissues. Absorbed chromium is primarily released through urine and a small amount is a perspiration or through lactation and in bile.[27]