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Use of Nanotechnology as an Antimicrobial Tool in the Food Sector
Published in Alok Dhawan, Sanjay Singh, Ashutosh Kumar, Rishi Shanker, Nanobiotechnology, 2018
María Ruiz-Rico, Édgar Pérez-Esteve, José M. Barat
The antimicrobial activity of caprylic acid, entrapped in MCM-41 nanoparticles against different food-borne pathogens, has been studied and compared with the bactericidal effect of free fatty acid (Ruiz-Rico et al. 2015). Caprylic acid is a medium chain-length saturated fatty acid with reported antimicrobial activity. However, the application or supplementation of caprylic acid in food products has its disadvantages given its sensorial properties (i.e., unpleasant rancid-like smell and taste) and diminished antimicrobial activity through interactions with food constituents. Entrapment of caprylic acid in silica nanoparticles maintained the antimicrobial activity of fatty acid against E. coli, and slightly reduced its antibacterial effect for Salmonella enterica, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes. Despite these slight variances, MSPs were suitable supports for caprylic acid encapsulation and allowed its controlled delivery to inhibit microbial growth in nutrient broth. These authors also attempted to elucidate the mechanism of action of entrapped caprylic acid against L. monocytogenes with microscopic studies. As seen in Figure 13.4, the TEM images confirmed the inhibitory effect of the entrapped fatty acid, which had severe effects on the morphology of the bacterium given the disruption of the cell membrane and the leakage of intracellular contents (Ruiz-Rico et al. 2015).
Microemulsion fuel formulation from used cooking oil with carbinol as the dispersion phase
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
There are also free fatty acids (FFA) in UCO as a result of repeated heating of the oil. The concentration of free fatty acids in used cooking oil from institutional cafeterias was found to be lower than that of many other places (for example, fast-food restaurants), even though the replacement rate of the cooking oil should be faster. Gas chromatography analysis of the sample was conducted, and Table 3 describes the fatty acid composition of the oil sample. The identified fatty acid composition consisted of saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid are the saturated fatty acid compositions. The monosaturated fatty acid composition is oleic acid, and the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition is linoleic acid.
Enhancement of aqueous solubility and extraction of lauric acid using hydrotropes and its interaction studies by COSMO-RS model
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
S. Balachandran, D. Gnana Prakash, R. Anantharaj, M. R. Danish John Paul
From the GC-MS analysis (Supplementary material Figure S1) it was observed that there were eight different important fatty acids namely Caprylic acid methyl ester, Capric acid methyl ester, Lauric acid methyl ester, Tetradeconic acid methyl ester, Palmitic acid methyl ester, Linolelaidic acid methyl ester, Oleic acid methyl ester, and Stearic acid methyl ester present in both CPCO and CGECO samples and it was reported in Table 6. The Figures S1 and S2 (Supplementary material) and Table 6 depicts that the lauric acid methyl ester is a major compound present in both CPCO and CGECO with retention time of 9.16. Based on the solubility studies and enhancement factor of hydrotropes, SB and SS were selected for the extraction studies. The extraction experiments were conducted using 2.5 mol/L of SB and SS hydrotropes at a temperature of 313 K. The extracted compounds from hydrotrope solution were recovered using hexane and analyzed for lauric acid by GC-MS. From Table 6 and Figures S2 and S3 (Supplementary material), it was observed that the lauric acid methyl ester is the major compound present in hydrotropically extracted samples. Among the two hydrotropes, sodium benzoate extracted samples from both the oil (CGECO and CPCO) has more of lauric acid methyl ester representing 33.78% and 28.36% of the total peak area (Table 6). This depicts that the extraction efficiency of the two hydrotropes are in the order of SB > SS which is the same as it was observed in the solubility and COSMO-RS interaction studies.
Physicochemical characteristics of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) electrospun nanofibres for the adsorption of phenol
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2020
Ainil Hawa, Kumar Sudesh, Suresh Sagadevan, Abdul Mukheem, Nanthini Sridewi
A study by Mifune et al. [28] reported CPKO as substrate in PHA production showed high molar fractions of 3HHx, which was 56 mol %. The high content of lauric acid (C12) in CPKO which was 50% of total fatty acids had influenced the results obtained. This result is similar to previous studies where the short-chain length fatty acids (C4–C7) were highly favourable for the accumulation of higher 3HHx monomer [28]. It was reported by Chee et al. [29] that better cell growth and better production of P(3HB) was due to the presence of high concentrations of lauric acid and myristic acid in CPKO as Burkholderia sp. USM (JCM15050) produced high amount of P(3HB) with cell dry weight of 69 and 38 w/v %, respectively were produced at concentrations of 0.5% (w/v). In contrast, caproic acid (C6), caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10) have no effect on cell growth. Even though Oleic acid (C18:1) which is an unsaturated fatty acid can produce P(3HB) of 48 w/v %, it provides negative effect on the cell biomass. Saturated stearic acid (C18:0) produced less than 1 w/v % P(3HB) [28]. The effect of growth of C. necator on oleic acid and linoleic acid was also proven in previous studies. These two fatty acids are mainly rich in CPKO.