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Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)
Published in Mark S. Johnson, Michael J. Quinn, Marc A. Williams, Allison M. Narizzano, Understanding Risk to Wildlife from Exposures to Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS), 2021
In a separate but related study, ten pregnant SD rats per group were administered PFOS in 0.5% Tween 80 at doses of 0, 0.1, 0.6, or 2.0 mg/kg-d by oral gavage from GD 2 through to GD 21 (Zeng et al. 2011). At GD 21, onset of parturition was monitored in the dams, and the day of delivery was referred to as PND 0, at which time five pups/litter were sacrificed and the trunk blood, cortex, and hippocampus harvested for further study. Morphological cellular changes were associated with expression of astrocyte activation markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S100 calcium-binding protein B, as shown by immunohistochemistry. Remaining pups were randomly allocated to dams from the different dosage groups and permitted to nurse up to PND 21, at which time pups were sacrificed and tissues harvested as described above for PND 0. A dose-dependent increase in PFOS levels was found in the serum, whereas the levels in the hippocampus and cortex tended to be lower in all tissues at postnatal day (PND) 21 as compared with PMD 0. Inflammatory responses included increased hippocampal mRNA expression of the interleukin IL-1β and the tumor necrosis factor TNFα at PMD 0 in all treated groups as compared with controls, and in those from dams administered ≥ 0.6 mg/kg-d at PND 21. In the cortex, IL-1β and TNF-α expression were only significantly increased in the 0.6 mg/kg-d group and 2.0 mg/kg-d group, respectively, at PND 0. At PND 21 in the cortex, IL-1β was increased at ≥ 0.6 mg/kg-d, and TNF- α was increased in the high-dose group (Zeng et al. 2011).
The Ubiquitous Lead—Biological Effects, Toxicity, and Management
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Sreejayan Nair, Debasis Bagchi
In addition to these molecular mechanisms, as alluded to earlier, lead competes with calcium for absorption into various intracellular compartments and thereby interferes with the actions of calcium in several intracellular regulatory events. Studies have shown that lead activates the calcium-binding protein calmodulin which can affect a number of intracellular functions regulated by calmodulin, including the regulation of the second messenger protein kinase C (Goldstein, 1993). Other studies have suggested that lead levels can interfere with a number of neuronal functions including neurotransmitter release in a wide variety of neurons such as dopaminergic, GABergic, cholinergic, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurons (Basha & Reddy, 2015; Duan, Peng, Shi & Jiang, 2017; Neal, Worley & Guilarte, 2011; NourEddine, Miloud & Abdelkader, 2005).
Biological Applications
Published in Yong Yang, Young I. Cho, Alexander Fridman, Plasma Discharge in Liquid, 2017
Yong Yang, Young I. Cho, Alexander Fridman
provided by hydrogen ions generated through a sequence of ion molecular processes induced by plasma ions. (Here, R represents the calcium-binding protein complexes, such as S100A7 and albumin.) The validity of this hypothesis was tested by measuring the Ca2+ concentration in the DBD-treated anticoagulated whole blood using a calcium-selective electrode (Kalghatgi et al., 2007). Calcium concentration was measured immediately after DBD treatment for 5 to 60 s. No significant change occurred in calcium ion concentration during the typical time scale of blood coagulation in discharge-treated blood. In vivo, the pH of blood was maintained in a very narrow range of 7.35–7.45 by various physiological processes. The change in pH by plasma treatment was less than the natural variation of pH, indicating that the coagulation was not due to the Ca2+ concentration change induced by pH change in blood.
Scaffold geometry and computational fluid dynamics simulation supporting osteogenic differentiation in dynamic culture
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Somruethai Channasanon, Pakkanun Kaewkong, Surapol Chantaweroad, Passakorn Tesavibul, Yotsakorn Pratumwal, Somboon Otarawanna, Soshu Kirihara, Siriporn Tanodekaew
Osteocalcin, known as a calcium-binding protein, is a late marker protein for osteoblastic differentiation. Figure 10 shows the immunofluorescence staining analysis results revealing the osteocalcin protein (green color) produced by MC3T3-E1 cells after 21-day perfusion culture on the three scaffolds. This implied that MC3T3-E1 cells differentiated into osteoblasts. The cells on all scaffolds had elongated actin stress fibers (red color) indicating satisfactory biocompatibility. However, there were significant differences in the amounts of osteocalcin secreted around the cells cultured on the three scaffolds. Although a higher number of cells were detected in the Woodpile scaffold, the cells secreted osteocalcin less than those in the other two scaffolds did. This trend agreed with the osteocalcin gene expression results.
A dual synergistic effect of titanium and curcumin co-embedded on extracellular matrix hydrogels of decellularized bone: Potential application in osteoblastic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Halimeh Amirazad, Ali Baradar Khoshfetrat, Nosratollah Zarghami
The expression level of RUNX-2 and OCN genes of ADMSCs cultured on the prepared hydrogels, was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The OCN gene is a calcium-binding protein and a late marker for osteogenic differentiation, which is involved in calcification and terminal osteoblast development. The RUNX-2 gene is involved in bone formation and osteoblast differentiation. As shown in Figure 10. A & B, following osteogenic induction, the expression levels of RUNX-2 and OCN of ADMSCs on all Hy, Hy/Cur, Hy/Ti, and Hy/Ti/Cur composite were significantly upregulated compared to cells cultured on a blank well (control) after 21 days (p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.0001). Thus, Hy/Ti/Cur composite can upregulate RUNX-2 and OCN expression in NM and OSM. Curcumin-loaded hydrogel (Hy/Cur) was found to have enhanced osteogenic capability as a result of sustained curcumin release. The increased expression of OCN can be related to the important role of RUNX-2 gene, because RUNX-2 can stimulate the transcription of OCN gene. The enhanced expression of OCN gene is necessary for mineralization, differentiation, and protein expression of these genes.
Effects of 5.8 GHz microwave on hippocampal synaptic plasticity of rats
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Gang Rui, Li-Yuan Liu, Ling Guo, Yi-Zhe Xue, Pan-Pan Lai, Peng Gao, Jun-Ling Xing, Jing Li, Gui-Rong Ding
Rats were deeply anesthetized with 1% sodium pentobarbital as described after the whole process of the experiment. Blood samples were taken from the left ventricle of the heart. After sufficient clotting, centrifuge at 3000 g for 15 min at 4°C and collect serum for the assay. The content of Neuron specific enolase (NSE) and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) in serum was determined with ELISA Kit (Cat.# KE1312 and Cat.# KE1454, respectively, Immunoway, USA) according to the manual. The experiment was conducted using 5 independent animals from each group.