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Skeletal Mechanobiology
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Alesha B. Castillo, Christopher R. Jacobs
Intracellular calcium signaling regulates numerous basic cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and cellular motility.223 In bone cells, calcium is an early second messenger, and an extracellular influx and intracellular release is rapidly activated by strain, pressure, and fluid flow.105,106,224–226 The source of calcium appears to be intracellular stores following the activation of phospholipase C and IP3 signaling, and blocking calcium release attenuates the mechanically induced upregulation of the osteogenic gene expression in vitro107,108,227 and abrogates load-induced bone formation in vivo.140 Downstream signaling in osteoblasts and osteocytes includes PKA, MAPK, c-fox, NFKβ translocation to the nucleus, and Cox-2 expression,228,229 all of which are important for cell survival. Alternatively, PGE-2 release, a common response to mechanical stimulation in osteoblasts, appears to be independent of calcium signaling.230
The impact of electric fields on cell processes, membrane proteins, and intracellular signaling cascades
Published in Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Conductive Polymers, 2018
Cells exposed to DC EFs undergo morphological changes such as reorientation, elongation, and perpendicular alignment to the DC EF source (Hronik-Tupaj and Kaplan 2012). Intracellular calcium signaling is known to regulate signal transduction, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell orientation and migration (Cortese et al. 2014). Thus, it is no surprise that researchers seek to understand the role of calcium and calcium-binding messenger proteins, such as calmodulin, in field-induced directional movement. Many early studies attempted to identify the role of calcium by treating cells with calcium channel blockers and depleting extracellular calcium levels. In one of these early studies, investigators stimulated mouse embryo fibroblasts with EFs up to 10 V/cm and found a field-induced increase in intracellular free calcium levels taking place concurrently with a disruption in cytoskeletal stress fiber organization, cell shape changes, and preferential cell movement toward the cathode (Onuma and Hui 1988). Furthermore, cell shape changes and cytoskeletal rearrangements were inhibited when cells were then treated with a calcium channel blocker or a calmodulin antagonist. These data led investigators to conclude that the field-induced cell shape changes and directional cell movement are calcium dependent, caused by an influx of calcium ions across the cell membrane (Onuma and Hui 1988).
A generalized study of the distribution of buffer over calcium on a fractional dimension
Published in Applied Mathematics in Science and Engineering, 2023
Sanjay Bhatter, Kamlesh Jangid, Shyamsunder Kumawat, Sunil Dutt Purohit, Dumitru Baleanu, D. L. Suthar
In practically all types of human and animal cells, calcium signalling is a fundamental component of cell communication. This calcium signalling controls all vital functions of the hepatocyte cell, which is a parenchymal cell of the liver. The concentration of cytosolic calcium affects calcium signalling. A prerequisite for the proper functioning of the calcium messenger system in higher organisms is maintaining the concentration of cytosolic calcium in the resting cell deficient. Calcium signalling in excitatory and non-excitable cells is dependent on relatively low cytosolic calcium concentrations and the existence of a calcium concentration gradient existing among the cytosol and the passage of intracellular organelles.