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Petroleum Geochemical Survey
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
The cytoplasm is a colorless, semi-permeable, gelatinous substance. The cytoplasm contains colloidal fluid containing granular particles known as cytosol and also consists of water, proteins, electrolytes and cell nutrients. The granular part of the cytoplasm is known as organelles. Many types of organelles are identified. Each type performs different functions. Organelles may be treated as organs of the cell that perform different functions. Organelles are similar to animal organs like the heart, kidney, liver and lungs that perform different functions. Organelles perform many functions. One type of organelle synthesizes certain compounds that on decomposition provide necessary energy in the cell. Unwanted substances introduced into the cell are decomposed and destroyed by different types of organelles.
Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
All living cells have a surrounding envelope referred to as the cell membrane, or plasma membrane. Animal cells are eukaryotic, that is, they have a well-developed nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles, which are cell elements that perform some specialized functions. Figure 1.1 illustrates a typical eukaryotic cell and some of its organelles. The part of the cell that is outside the nucleus and bounded by the cell membrane is the cytoplasm. The cytosol, or intracellular fluid, is the liquid part of the cytoplasm, exclusive of organelles. It consists of a complex mixture of substances that are dissolved or suspended in water. The cell membrane is discussed in considerable detail in Sections 2.1 and 2.2. The following cell organelles are particularly relevant for our purposes.
Cell Biology for Bioprocessing
Published in Wei-Shou Hu, Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering, 2020
The cytoplasm and nucleus are both enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane in the cell. The cytoplasm can be largely divided into two groups: organelles and the highly viscous cytosol. Cytosol has a very high concentration of proteins (100–300 mg/mL). For comparison, the protein content in blood plasma is only 90 mg/mL. Cytosol also contains the inorganic solutes, building blocks, and intermediates and metabolites of metabolic reactions.
The current trends in the green syntheses of titanium oxide nanoparticles and their applications
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
Muhammad Nadeem, Duangjai Tungmunnithum, Christophe Hano, Bilal Haider Abbasi, Syed Salman Hashmi, Waqar Ahmad, Adnan Zahir
In literature, different metallic NPs have been used against various strains of bacteria Nadeem and colleagues (16). Similarly, TiO2 NPs also exhibit eco-friendly biocidal properties, which are attributed to their strong oxidizing potential. These NPs have been used against a wide range of infectious microbes including various bacterial strains, endospores, fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses, microbial toxins and prions Visai et al. (79). TiO2 NPs trigger the onset of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when confronted with microbial cells Jayaseelan and colleagues (8). These ROS kill microbes by disrupting cell wall’s integrity mainly by phospholipids oxidation, which results in reduced adhesion and distorted ionic balance. Inside the cytosol, it inhibits the respiratory cytosolic enzymes and modifying macromolecules structures, producing substantial effects on cellular integrity and gene expression. Furthermore, it also decreases the phosphate uptake and cellular communication across the cell Jayaseelan and colleagues (8), Kubacka et al. (80). A possible mechanism of action is described in Figure 3.