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Natural Biopolymeric Nanoformulations for Brain Drug Delivery
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
Josef Jampílek, Katarina Král’ová
HIV-derived Tat peptide and PEG-grafted onto gelatin-siloxane NPs were found to escape the capture by the reticuloendothelial system, cross the BBB and reach the CNS of mice indicating that they could serve as a new type of non-viral vector for the delivery of a drug or therapeutic DNA to the brain (Tian et al., 2012a). An in vivo experiment using a double-hemorrhage rat model showed that the Tat peptide-decorated gelatin-siloxane NPs used for the delivery of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) transgene caused enhanced vasodilatory CGRP expression in cerebrospinal fluid and thus could be applied for treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (Tian et al., 2013). Also, spherical PEG-gelatin-siloxane NPs conjugated with the SynB peptide with an average diameter of 150-200 nm showed more efficient brain capillary endothelial cell uptake and improved crossing of the BBB compared to similar NPs without conjugated SynB peptide (Tian et al., 2012b). Pang et al. (2016) reported that neural precursor cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells with gelatin sponge-electrospun PLGA/PEG nanofibers could promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
Biological Effects of Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Stanislav I. Alekseev, Marvin C. Ziskin
The histological and molecular changes in the skin of 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice exposed to an fs-pulsed THz beam were studied by Jo et al. (2014). The skin on the back of mice was exposed to 3-THz radiation with a pulse width of <200 fs and a repetition rate of 1 kHz for 1 h. The THz pulse energy was about 0.26 nJ/pulse. Accumulated energy in the exposed area (1 cm2) for 1 h was ~1.15 J/cm2. Skin biopsy samples were taken at 1 and 24 h after exposure. No histological changes were found in either 1 or 24 h post-exposure samples. The authors did not find any inflammatory cells or damaged skin cells such as sunburn cells. The collagen fibers in the dermis were also normal. A microarray analysis revealed that some genes in the exposed skin samples were either biologically activated or suppressed. For instance, the gene transcription of substance P, which is involved in local inflammation, decreased while the transcription of calcitonin gene-related peptide, another neuropeptide that is associated with neurogenic inflammation in eczema, increased significantly. These results are at variance with the histological data. The authors did not provide any explanation for these effects. Any information about the temperature elevation in the exposed skin is also missing.
The Nature of Being Human
Published in Beverly G. McCarter, Brian E. White, Leadership in Chaordic Organizations, 2016
Current instincts can be modified or individualized based on experiential feedback. There is a complex interaction between the brain, mind, and body that is inseparable. Complex feedback loops regarding chemical regulation such as hormone production demonstrate this interconnectedness. Another example of the brain, mind, and body interaction is when chronic mental stress results in an overproduction of the chemical calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which coats immune-related cells and makes the body more vulnerable to infection. Bereavement can result in depression of the immune system as well. Yet another (positive) example is oxytocin, a naturally produced chemical substance that increases feelings of love and trust. It affects both the body and brain and is manufactured in both the brain and body. Not only does it facilitate trust in social interactions and bonding between sexual partners, it also acts on the body by relaxing muscles during childbirth. Finally, primitive brain components interact with other body parts and processes to enhance survival capabilities. Damasio sums up this complex interconnectedness in the following passage: The hypothalamus, the brain stem, and the limbic system intervene in body regulation and in all neural processes on which mind phenomena are based, for example, perception, … learning, recall, emotion and feeling, and … reasoning and creativity. Body regulation, survival, and mind are intimately interwoven. (Damasio 1994, 123)
Device profile of Nerivio for the acute and preventive treatment of episodic or chronic migraine in patients 12 years and older
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Mahsa Babaei, Alan M. Rapoport
Psychological and physical distress, insomnia, as well as social, work-related, and academic dysfunction are among the most important migraine consequences [5,8,9]. No currently available treatment is able to cure migraine, partly because we do not fully understand its pathophysiology; therefore, both migraine pathophysiology and management need further investigation [8]. Studies have attributed migraine to cortical phenomena such as cortical spreading depolarization, activated pain pathways, cellular molecular second messengers, release of CGRP and other neurotransmitters and dysfunction in the trigeminovascular system [1]. Acute treatment of migraine includes pharmacological agents such as the migraine-specific agents triptans, ergots, gepants, and lasmiditan, as well as NSAIDs such aspirin, naproxen and ibuprofen, acetaminophen, plus antiemetics, biobehavioral therapies and novel neuromodulation techniques [10].