China 
Africa 
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Law, technoscience and the stabilization of knowledge
Published in Emilie Cloatre, Martyn Pickersgill, Knowledge, Technology and Law, 2014
Emilie Cloatre, Martyn Pickersgill
Legal activists in the realm of HIV discrimination were similarly beset with temporo-legal problems, oriented around a central concept of prognosis. In the context of clinical decisions around the treatment of HIV, prognosis is normally influenced by where a patient’s test results fall on a normative scale, determined with reference to viral load and T-cell count (Persson 2004: 50). Viral load refers to the extent of HIV infection in the body, and is hence a clinical, and also cultural, measurement of disease. Clinicians normally view an undetectable viral load as indicating therapeutic success and ‘exponential viral replication’ as a decline in health (Persson 2004: 51). T-cell (or CD4) counts measure specialised immune cells that are targeted by HIV, so they indicate retained functionality in the immune system. In this way, technosci-entific practices of tracing, counting, and interpreting cells and viruses have a direct effect on the health constructs that are mobilised within legal spheres.
Drug Discovery in Microbial Metabolites: The Search for Microbial Products with Bioactive Properties
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
CD4 is a glycoprotein present on the surface of mature helper/inducer T white blood cells. It binds to class II MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex II) and this stabilizes the T-cell receptor and its attachment, the antigen-MHCII complex. Inhibition of this interaction can have important suppressive effects on immune responses. Additionally, the CD4 molecule is an important antiviral target because it is the cellular receptor for the HIV virus. An assay which has been used to search for anti-CD4 compounds was based on the interaction between soluble recombinant CD4 and a monoclonal antibody. The assay enabled the discovery of new anti-CD4 compounds of fungal origin.
HIV-Integrase
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
Corina Duda-Seiman, Daniel Duda-Seiman, Mihai V. Putz
In a large randomized, double-blind trial, RAL was non-inferior versus efavirenz in achieving HIV-1 RNA viral levels below 50 copies/ml, when used as part of an antiretroviral therapy combination regimen, both early after treatment start and also with the maintenance of this effect after 96 weeks of treatment. In addition, the CD4 cells count improved. To notice that drug-related adverse events were less in the RAL group. (Croxtall and Scott, 2012).
Effect of low dose radiation from general X-ray to T-cell lymphocyte expression using an in vitro method
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2022
Gunjanaporn Tochaikul, Nuttapong Danthanavat, Chalermchai Pilapong, Nutthapong Moonkum
T cells are an essential part of the immune system (18). The CD4+ T helper cells (Th cells), play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system (19). CD8+ T cells (often called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs) are very important for an immune defence against intracellular pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, and tumour surveillance (20). Typically, The CD4/CD8 ratio in the peripheral blood of healthy adults and mice is about 2:1, and an altered ratio can indicate diseases related to immunodeficiency or autoimmunity (21).