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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
It is estimated that virus infections cause 17% of new cancers, globally. Viruses are microorganisms that increase the risk of cancer via cellular transformation, increased cell turnover rates, cell cycle control disruption, and immune suppression. Multiple links between viruses and cancer have been found. For example, human papillomavirus has been associated with cervical cancer and squamous cell cancers of the neck and the head. Hepatitis C and hepatitis B are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and adult T-cell leukemia have been found to have a link. Human herpes virus 8 is associated with primary effusion lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Epstein−Barr virus has been associated with Burkitt lymphoma [59].
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that infects up to 95% of the world population by the time subjects reach adulthood. Once the initial infection is controlled by the immune system, EBV persists in a latent state inside B-cells of the immune system. Evidence suggests that re-activation by an external agent is required to trigger carcinogenicity of EBV. Activating agents include the following: infections (especially malaria in connection with Burkitt lymphoma), immunosuppressive drugs (azathioprine, ciclosporin), immunodeficiency and possibly exposure to food products such as salted fish in China; and certain chemicals. EBV initiates several types of lymphoma and cancer of the nasopharynx.
Synthesis, structural characterization and evaluation of anticancer activity of polymeric silver(I) complexes based on niflumic acid/naproxen and picoline derivatives
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Sema Caglar, Ahmet Altay, Betul Harurluoglu, Esma K. K. Yeniceri, Bulent Caglar, Onur Şahin
Undoubtedly, it is essential to carry out toxicity tests for newly synthesized chemicals to be introduced to the pharmaceutical industry [52]. Therefore, complexes of various drugs belonging to NSAID groups with different metals were synthesized and their activities against different cancer cells were studied by many research groups. For example, in a study, antiproliferative activities of the zinc-naproxen complex against HT-29 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines and on HEK 293 healthy cell line were studied and its IC50 values were reported to be >1000, 495.2 and 589.3 µM, respectively [53]. In another study, cytotoxic studies of the complex [Co(bcp)(nif)2] formed by cobalt with niflumic acid and bathocuproine (bcp) were performed on four different cancer cell lines, HeLa (human cervical cancer), HT-29, PC-3 (human prostate cancer), and MCF-7 cells, and IC50 values were determined as 38.75, 43.67, 27.06 and 41.53 µM, respectively [54]. In addition, Mahendiran et al. reported that the IC50 values of heteroleptic silver(I) complexes with 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines and naproxen on four different cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa and HepG2) were between the range of 8 and 10 µM [16]. Moreover, cytotoxicity of the complexes formed by different metal salts with mefenamic acid, which is in the NSAID group, was performed on MCF-7 and A-549 cancer cell lines and it was reported that their IC50 values ranged from 2.5 to 45, depending on the cell line [55, 56]. Furthermore, the half inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes with picoline derivatives against HeLa, LoVo (human colon carcinoma), HL60 (human leukemia) and Daudi (Burkitt lymphoma) cancer cell lines were reported to change from 9 and 100 µM, based on the cell line.