China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Hyperspectral image analysis for subcutaneous veins localization
Published in Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani, Dileep Kumar, Optical Imaging for Biomedical and Clinical Applications, 2017
Aamir Shahzad, Mohamad Naufal Mohamad Saad, Fabrice Meriaudeau, Aamir Saeed Malik
Wrong catheterization can result in serious consequences such as complex regional pain syndrome, hematoma, infiltration and extravasation [15]. In the case of hematoma, internal bleeding due to the vein rupture appears as skin bruises, as shown in Figure 7.4. Infiltration is another serious IV catheter complication. If the vein is damaged, medication can leak into the tissues, which could cause firm swelling, redness and could even be poisonous to tissues for most chemotherapy treatments. Figure 7.5 depicts the infiltration and damage of veins when needle pierces through the back wall of the vein.
Health and safety
Published in Roger Timings, Fabrication and Welding Engineering, 2008
These are caused by internal bleeding that seeps through the tissues to produce the discoloration under the skin. Bruising may develop very slowly and appear hours, even days, after injury. Bruising that develops rapidly and seems to be the main problem will benefit from first aid. Caution, bruises may indicate deeper injury. Seek professional advice.
General health and safety (engineering)
Published in Roger Timings, Engineering Fundamentals, 2007
These are caused by internal bleeding that seeps through the tissues to produce the discoloration under the skin. Bruising may develop very slowly and appear hours, even days, after injury. Bruising that develops rapidly and seems to be the main problem will benefit from first aid. Caution, bruises may indicate deeper injury. Seek professional advice.
Reverse reconstruction of two-wheeled vehicle accident based on Facet vehicle model and hybrid human model
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2022
Qian Wang, Yunfeng Lou, Xianlong Jin, Lingshuang Kong, Chuang Qin, Xinyi Hou
Among the existing two-wheeled vehicle traffic accident reconstruction methods, the method based on momentum/impulse, represented by PC-CRASH, has high requirements for the integrity of the accident scene, so it has certain limitations [4–10]. The method based on multi-rigid body computation, represented by MADYMO, has low accuracy in the biomechanics of human injury, and it can not accurately simulate the biomechanical injury such as bruise and fracture [11–17]. The method based on the finite element is not widely used because of its low computational efficiency and the complexity of two-wheeled traffic accidents [18]. The joint simulation method can avoid the limitations brought by the above single software and combine the advantages of multiple software, but there are errors in the introduction and transformation of variables between the two software, making the final analysis of human biomechanical response inaccurate [19,20]. It can be seen from the above reconstruction methods that the local finite element method is the key to solve the efficiency and accuracy problems, which can be realised by two ways of coupling simulation between two software and changing the simulation model. At present, the coupling simulation of finite element and multi-rigid body only involves the coupling between vehicle and human, while the joints of the human body is very complex, and the coupling simulation between human body is difficult. Therefore, it is the most effective and feasible method to change the simulation model.
Bra-body armour integration, breast discomfort and breast injury associated with wearing body armour
Published in Ergonomics, 2021
Celeste E. Coltman, Brooke R. Brisbine, Julie R. Steele
Participants were queried about whether they had ever experienced a breast injury as a result of wearing body armour during training or operations. Possible response options included ‘bruise’, ‘swelling’, ‘discolouration’, ‘abrasion’, ‘soft tissue damage’, ‘other’ (where space was provided to write a free response) or ‘no breast injury’. Participants who reported experiencing any type of breast injury were asked to indicate whether the injury was due to friction (e.g. body armour system rubbing against the skin) or due to contact (e.g. bruising from body armour bouncing on the breasts when running) and to describe what they thought caused the injury in a free response. Finally, participants were asked whether their breast injury affected their ability to perform their role during training or operations (yes/no).
Cross-cultural comparison of firefighters’ perception of mobility and occupational injury risks associated with personal protective equipment
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Shitan Wang, Juyeon Park, Yunyi Wang
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) reported that the prevalence of US firefighter occupational injuries was over 3.3 times that of other occupations, and 31% of injuries were related to MSDs [15]. In our survey, all Chinese firefighters (100%) reported that they experienced at least one injury case last year, while 87.2% of US firefighters experienced injuries. As shown in Figure 3, muscular pain and fatigue (58.85%) and wound, cut, bruise (54.69%) were frequent injury types in Chinese firefighters, followed by strain, sprain (51.56%) and respiratory injury (20.83), while muscular pain and fatigue (88.99%) and strain, sprain (52.29%) more commonly occurred in US firefighters, followed by thermal stress/heat exhaustion (40.37%), wound, cut, bruise (35.78%) and dislocation, fracture (5.50%). Of these, the occurrence of muscular pain and fatigue and of thermal stress/heat exhaustion in US firefighters was significantly higher than in Chinese firefighters (p < 0.001, p = 0.010), while the incidence of respiratory injury in Chinese firefighters was more significant (p < 0.001).