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Head Injuries, Measurement Criteria and Helmet Design
Published in Youlian Hong, Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise, 2013
Andrew Post, T. Blaine Hoshizaki, Sue Brien
Hematomas occur when there is damage to the brain vasculature, resulting in regions of high intracranial pressure from the accumulating blood (Kleiven, 2003). The presence of a large amount of blood can compress the brain tissue and cause severe damage and death. Intracranial hematomas are classed as epidural, subdural, subarachnoid and intracerebral. The mechanism of cranial hematomas is related to the motions of the skull and brain relative to each other. Research using animal models has demonstrated that these types of injuries typically occur with high rates of application of linear or rotational acceleration (Gennarelli, et al., 1983). Subdural and epidural hematomas are thought to occur from similar brain motions, which cause damage to the vasculature tethering the brain to the skull. When this vasculature is damaged, an increase of blood within the cranial cavity causes damaging pressure on brain tissue (Adams et al., 1983; Bradshaw et al., 2001; Kleiven, 2003).
Clinical Sequelae and Functional Outcomes
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
Subsequent to TBI, cerebral edema, or swelling of the brain, leads to neuronal damage and disrupts blood and oxygen flow (anoxia). If severe, this can compress the brain stem and result in the death of the patient. With sufficient damage to blood vessels, a pool of blood, termed a hematoma, may develop. This creates increased intracranial pressure and further brain damage, often necessitating drainage by the neurosurgeon (Brain Injury Association of America, 2012).
Leadless pacemaker versus transvenous single-chamber pacemaker therapy: peri-procedural aspects, utilization of medical resources and patient acceptance
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Pietro Palmisano, Alessandro Guido, Vincenzo Panico, Maria Domenica Chiuri, Marco Valerio Chiarillo, Cesario Sergi, Maria Antonietta Ponzetta, Maria Zaccaria, Michele Accogli
Two T-PM patients developed pocket hematoma within 24 hours of the implantation procedure. In one case, the hematoma required surgical drainage. In both cases, the complication resulted in 3 additional days of hospital treatment. During follow-up, no further complications were observed in T-PM patients. In L-PM patients, no device-related complications were observed.