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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Breast tissue (Figure 4.31) adds to body shape and individuality. Both males and females are born with mammary gland tissue. The hormonal changes of puberty stimulate female breast development, preparing the mammary glands for milk production. Depending on genetics, hormones, and the monthly menstrual cycle, women’s breasts vary in size. The following sections focus on women’s breast structure, function, and products including brassieres (bras), a common upper torso wearable for women.
Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of reproductive effects: an analysis of ATSDR’s toxicological profile database
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Melanie C Buser, Henry G Abadin, John L Irwin, Hana R Pohl
Development of the reproductive system is a complex process that can be influenced by many factors including exposure to environmental chemicals. Biomarkers of effect, such as morphological or physiological changes, can indicate the impact of chemical exposures during development. In humans, examples of biomarkers used to evaluate male reproductive system development include testicular histopathology (from biopsy), seminal sperm quality (number, structure, motility, viability, etc.), other seminal parameters (immature germ cells, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, etc.), reproductive hormone levels (in blood), fertility status, and anatomical differences in reproductive organs. Biomarkers used to evaluate reproductive development in females include onset of puberty (age at first menstrual cycle, breast development, etc.), reproductive hormone levels, ovarian-oocyte stock, menstrual function (cycle frequency and length, cervical mucus, vaginal cytology, endometrial histology, etc.), fertility status, and anatomical differences in reproductive organs. In this review, we do not report on the reproductive hormone levels, because this information will be part of the next paper in this series dealing with the endocrine system.
Mediating effects of motor performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour on the associations of adiposity and other cardiometabolic risk factors with academic achievement in children
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Eero A. Haapala, Niina Lintu, Aino-Maija Eloranta, Taisa Venäläinen, Anna-Maija Poikkeus, Timo Ahonen, Virpi Lindi, Timo A. Lakka
The parents were asked to report their annual household income, that was categorized as ≤30 000€, 30 001–60 000€ and ≥60 000€ for the analyses. The parents were also asked to report their highest completed or ongoing educational degrees (e.g. vocational school or less, polytechnic and university) and the degree of the more educated parent was used in the analyses. A research physician assessed pubertal status using the five-stage scale described by Tanner (Tanner, 1962). The boys were defined as having entered clinical puberty, if their testicular volume assessed by an orchidometer was >3 ml (Stage ≥2). The girls were defined having entered clinical puberty if their breast development had started (Stage ≥2).
Associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and diet quality with biomarkers of inflammation in children
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Eero A. Haapala, Juuso Väistö, Johanna K. Ihalainen, Claudia Tomaselli González, Marja H. Leppänen, Aapo Veijalainen, Taisa Sallinen, Aino-Maija Eloranta, Ulf Ekelund, Ursula Schwab, Soren Brage, Mustafa Atalay, Timo A. Lakka
A research physician assessed pubertal status using a 5-stage scale described by Marshall and Tanner (1969, 1970). Boys were defined as having entered clinical puberty if their testicular volume assessed by an orchidometer was ≥4 mL (stage ≥2). Girls were defined having entered clinical puberty if their breast development had started (stage ≥2).