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Nanotechnology-Derived Orthopedic Implant Sensors
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
Sirinrath Sirivisoot, Thomas J. Webster
Currently, a physical examination (e.g., palpation, or laboratory testing) might be completed before imaging techniques are used to inform a clinician about a patient’s health. Although advanced imaging techniques, such as bone scans, computer tomography scans, and radiographs (x-rays) are important in medical diagnosis, each has its own limitations and difficulties. A bone scan is used to identify areas of abnormal active bone formation, such as in arthritis, infection, or bone cancer. However, bone scans require an injection of a radioactive substance (e.g., technetium) and a prolonged delay for absorbance before performing the scan. Computer tomography combines x-rays with computer technology to produce a two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional image of a body on the computer screen. Although this technique produces more detail than an x-ray, in some cases (e.g., severe trauma to the chest, abdomen, pelvis, or spinal cord), a dye (e.g., barium sulfate) must be injected for improving the clarity of the image. This often causes pain to the patient. Another technique, called electromyography, has been used to analyze/diagnose nerve functions inside body conditions. Thin electrodes are placed in soft tissues to help analyze and record electrical activity in the muscles. However, this electrode technique leads to pain and discomfort for the patient. When the needles are removed, soreness and bruising can occur.
In Situ Nanotechnology-Derived Sensors for Ensuring Implant Success
Published in Šeila Selimovic, Nanopatterning and Nanoscale Devices for Biological Applications, 2017
Sirinrath Sirivisoot, Thomas J. Webster
Currently, a physical examination (e.g., palpation or laboratory testing) is performed before imaging techniques to inform a clinician about a patient’s health. Although advanced imaging techniques, such as bone scans, computer tomography scans, and radiographs (x-rays), are important in a medical diagnosis, each technique has its own limitations and difficulties. A bone scan is used to identify areas of abnormal active bone formation, such as arthritis, infection, and bone cancer. However, a bone scan requires an injection of a radioactive substance (e.g., technetium) and a prolonged delay for absorbance before performing the scan. Computer tomography combines x-rays with computer technology to produce a two-dimensional cross-sectional image of the body on a computer screen. Although this technique produces more detail than an x-ray, in some cases (e.g., severe trauma to the chest, abdomen, pelvis, or spinal cord) a dye (e.g., barium sulfate) is injected in order to improve the clarity of the image. This often causes pain for the patient. Another technique, called electromyography, is used to analyze/diagnose nerve functions inside the body. Thin electrodes are placed in soft tissue to help analyze and record electrical activity in muscles. However, this electrode technique causes pain and discomfort for the patient. When the needles are removed, soreness and bruising can occur.
The cases
Published in Chris Schelvan, Annabel Copeman, Jacky Davis, Annmarie Jeanes, Jane Young, Paediatric Radiology for MRCPCH and FRCR, 2020
Chris Schelvan, Annabel Copeman, Jacky Davis, Annmarie Jeanes, Jane Young
A technetium bone scan is a useful tool if MRI is unavailable, and is usually positive early in the disease process, before plain film changes occur. The bone scan also has a role in the neonate with osetomyelitis, where multifocal disease is common. The disadvantage of a bone scan is the lack of anatomical information, and the radiation dose.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen-directed imaging and radioguided surgery with single-photon emission computed tomography: state of the art and future outlook
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Luca Filippi, Barbara Palumbo, Viviana Frantellizzi, Susanna Nuvoli, Giuseppe De Vincentis, Angela Spanu, Orazio Schillaci
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed male malignancy and one of the leading cancer-related causes of death worldwide [1]. Imaging with several molecular and metabolic probes has been increasingly applied for the staging and monitoring of PC patients after treatments [2]. In particular, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type II membrane protein that is detected in small amounts in normal prostate tissue, but there is much higher expression in PC, has recently emerged as one of the most relevant PC-associated biomarkers [3]. Since PSMA extracellular domain exhibits enzymatic activity as a glutamate carboxypeptidase II, several efforts have been made to employ enzymatic inhibitors based on the lysine-urea-glutamate motif as PSMA-ligands. Some of these enzymatic inhibitors have been successfully labeled with radionuclides emitting energy suitable for the in vivo detection through positron emission computed tomography (PET/CT) [4]. PSMA-PET has been found particularly useful for the imaging of PC biochemical recurrence (BCR). Moreover, the ‘ProPSMA’ clinical trial has recently shown that 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT has superior sensitivity and specificity than conventional imaging (bone scan and computed tomography) for the detection of high risk PC skeletal and lymph node metastases at staging, also meaningfully impacting on patients’ clinical management [5,6]. Furthermore, PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (RLT) with molecules labeled with radionuclides emitting beta or alpha particles has been implemented for the management of metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC) with encouraging results [7,8]. This approach entailing a couple of radiopharmaceuticals, with identical or similar characteristics, one labeled with a radionuclide suitable for imaging and the other capable to exert anti-tumoral effects is also known as ‘theranostic’ [9,10].
Thioredoxin-1 and MMP-9 as biomarkers in breast cancer metastasis in Egyptian female patients
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Al Shaima G. Abd El Salam, Mohamed A. Ebrahim, Laila A. Eissa, Mamdouh M. El-Shishtawy
The study was approved by the local institutional ethical committee of Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; and patients’ consents were obtained according to the regulations of the Egyptian Ministry of Health. Metastasis was diagnosed by clinical examination including symptomatology; together with radiology including a plan X-ray, ultrasonography, computed tomography and bone scan.