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Biomaterials and Surface Modification
Published in Mohammad E. Khosroshahi, Applications of Biophotonics and Nanobiomaterials in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Biometals are metal ions used in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. The metals copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functioning of the human body. The biocompatibility of the metallic implants is of significant importance and concern from safety point of view. Metal compounds and ions can also produce harmful effects on the body due to the toxicity of several types of metals (Stephen 2014). For example, arsenic works as a potent poison due to its effects as an enzyme inhibitor, disrupting ATP production (Singh et al. 2011). Also, metals can corrode in the hostile body environment, which effectively weakens the implant in a defined period of time. Above all, the corrosion products escape into the tissue, leading to set of undesirable and adverse effects. The first stainless steel used for as implant material was type 302, which is stronger the vanadium steel and more resistant to corrosion. The former is no longer used due to its inadequate corrosion resistance. The next generation of stainless steel contained molybdenum in order to enhance its corrosion resistance in salt water, which is a close model to body physiological fluid. This type of steel was called 316 L and in the 1950s its carbon content was reduced from 0.08% to 0.03% (Park and Lakes 1992). Chromium as a reactive element is a major component of corrosion-resistant stainless steel. But the chromium and its alloys can be passivated to give a better corrosion resistance. However, for the purpose of biomedical applications such as implants, austenitic stainless steels including 316 and 316 L are widely used. These materials are nonmagnetic and have better corrosion resistance compared to other types. The inclusion of molybdenum improves the resistance to pitting corrosion. Finally, in order to stabilize the austenitic phase at room temperature, nickel is also added to enhance the corrosion resistance.
Synthesis, spectral characterization, DNA-binding and antimicrobial profile of biological active mixed ligand Schiff base metal(II) complexes incorporating 1,8-diaminonaphthalene
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Thiravidamani Chandrasekar, Alagarraj Arunadevi, Natarajan Raman
To enhance the bustle of the potent analogue to serve as a novel drug and to eliminate adverse effects or toxicity associated with the parent drug, suitable modifications and thereby manipulating the parent structures are carried out. Metal complexes of N- and S-chelating ligands have attracted considerable attention because of their interesting physicochemical properties and pronounced biological activities. Organic compounds with heterocyclic rings having thiazole moiety are explored to have massive pharmacological and biological activities. Compounds containing benzothiazole and sulphonamide derivatives are used as antifungal, anti-inflammatory [35], anti-HIV [36], anticancer [37], anticarbonic anhydrase [38], diuretic, hypoglycaemic [39], antimalarial, and antithyroid [40] agents. Many biologically active compounds are used as drugs when administered as metal complexes possessing modified pharmacological and toxicological potentials which display increased anticancer activity [41]. The potentially used metal ions are cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc for various pharmacological studies which have been proved to be more important biometals along with biorelevent ligands [42] due to the formation of low molecular weight complexes which are essential for normal human metabolism and its imbalance leading to excess diseases. These complexes have multiple roles in medicinal proceedings such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibitors, chemical nucleases, or antitumor agents with reduced side effects and have a distinct superoxide dismutase (SOD-) mimetic activity [43, 44]. Schiff base complexes having 1,8-diaminonaphthalene (which has a planar structure and an aromatic compound) have been widely studied because of their industrial, antifungal, antibacterial, and biological applications [45–47]. The main objectives of this investigation are to design and synthesize a metal complex that shows effective DNA-binding interactions along with other biological activities. The studies provide a way towards designing an effective compound that has fewer side effects.