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Biocompatible and Bioactive Ceramics for Biomedical Applications
Published in Atul Babbar, Ranvijay Kumar, Vikas Dhawan, Nishant Ranjan, Ankit Sharma, Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering, 2023
Bioceramics are suitable for medical use due to their anticorrosive, biocompatible, and attractive qualities. Bioinertness and non-cytotoxicity are two properties of zirconia ceramic. Carbon is another mechanical option that includes bone and blood compatibility, with neither any tissue reactivity nor cell toxicity. Bioinert ceramics do not osseointegrate, which means they do not bind with the bone. Bioactivity of bioinert ceramics, on the other hand, can be created by combining them with bioactive ceramics in composites (Choi, Conway, Cazalbou, & Ben-Nissan, 2018). Non-toxic bioactive ceramics, such as bioglasses, must develop a bone connection. The solubility of bioceramics is critical in bone repair activities like scaffolding for bone regeneration, and the slow dissolution rate of most bioceramics in contrast to bone formation rates which is still an issue in their curative utilisation (George, Reddy Peddireddy, Thakur, & Rodrigues, 2020).
Improved Biodegradable Implant Materials for Orthopedic Applications
Published in Ashwani Kumar, Mangey Ram, Yogesh Kumar Singla, Advanced Materials for Biomechanical Applications, 2022
Kundan Kumar, Shashi Bhushan Prasad, Ashish Das, Mukul Shukla
As a substitute for metallic biomaterials, ceramic-based biomaterials were initially examined and used for orthopedic implant applications owing to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and biodegradability. Zirconia (ZrO2) [40] and alumina (Al2O3) [41] were, initially, developed as bioinert bioceramics to fabricate femoral heads. Ceramic biomaterials are presently used for the repair of bone fracture and bone defect filling as well as the replacement and stabilization of defected bone tissues [42,43]. Periodontal, dental, maxillofacial, cochlear, otolaryngology, and spinal discs are the area where presently bioceramics are used. The risk of disease immunogenicity and transmission is avoided by the use of bioceramic implants. The physical and chemical composition of bioceramics is used to determine their biological response. The drawbacks of bioceramics are brittleness, poor fracture toughness, and very high stiffness [44] that limit their orthopedic implant applications.
Calcium Phosphate and Bioactive Glasses
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Osmar A. Chanes-Cuevas, José L. Barrera-Bernai, Iñigo Gaitán-S., David Masuoka
In the context of bone regeneration, bioceramics have been developed with the aim of overcoming the possible disadvantages of bone grafts. These materials must have mechanical properties similar to those of the bone and reflect the anatomical geometry of the tissue without causing any immune response in the host during regeneration. These bioceramics are fragile materials that have low load properties, however, they have mineral components similar to natural bone and show good biocompatibility; some uses include: Bone cell and factors.Implant coating to improve integration.Combined use with bone cements (Kankilic et al. 2016).
Forsterite/nano-biogenic hydroxyapatite composites for biomedical applications
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2020
S.M. Naga, A.M. Hassan, M. Awaad, A. Killinger, R. Gadow, A. Bernstein, M. Sayed
Bioceramics are well known for their use in bone and dentistry applications. Calcium phosphate ceramics, which exist in different phases, are the most common materials to be used due to their bioactivity and degradability [1]. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a member of the calcium phosphate family and has extraordinary properties that make this material compatible with bone tissues and enhance bone growth [2–5]. HA has been used for many clinical applications, such as bone repair, bone growth, and coating of metallic implants [6]. The most common drawbacks of HA are its weak mechanical properties, which limit its use in load-bearing applications [3,7].
An overview of translational research in bone graft biomaterials
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Vijay Shankar Kumawat, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Subrata Bandhu Ghosh
Bioceramics are inorganic amorphous or crystalline solids that are used as bridging material, bone grafts to repair, regenerate the defective bones and critical sized bone defects [117]. Bioceramics can mainly be divided into two groups: bioinert, bioactive/biodegradable ceramics as shown in Figure 4.
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Enas Elmowafy, Abdalla Abdal-Hay, Athanasios Skouras, Mattia Tiboni, Luca Casettari, Vincenzo Guarino
As already discussed, the development of novel biomaterials with improved lifetime, reliability and bioactive functions is high up on the agenda of worldwide research. It has been reported by Doyle et.al [178] that PHB-based materials could produce a consistent new bone tissue growth around the implants without any inflammatory response after implantation for 12 months. The experimental results showed a rapid formation of bone callus around the implanted materials and subsequently, these newly formed bones become highly organized with the implant surface lying in direct apposition to new bone tissue. Although many evidences could prove the possibility of new bone callus around the PHA implant materials site, the PHA pure polymers still lack the high bioactivity function (formation of a biologically active apatite layer on/around the implant material surface/site) compared to the native host tissues. In addition to lack bioactivity performance of pure polymers, they are often too flexible and weak to meet the adequate mechanical performance, which is necessary to withstand the load bearing application demands during implantations. Addition of inorganic bioceramic materials is quite potentially for further improve the biological and mechanical demands for materials using as bone implant materials [179,180]. A bioceramic is an inorganic (hard) materials used in dental and biomedical implants, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), zirconia and alumina, bioactive glasses and resorbable calcium phosphate-based bioceramics [181–190]. Several experimental studies have confirmed that addition of particulate inorganic bioceramic materials to polymer matrix (ceramic/polymer composites) improved both biological activity and mechanical properties of implants and these properties can be tuned through controlling the amount/structure of the ceramic particles [191]. Abdal-hay et al. [192] demonstrated in their in vitro studies that deposition of a different amount of HA nanoplates structure through hydrothermal strategy onto polymer nanofibers has a significant effect on cell attachment and proliferation as well as mechanical properties of polymer/HA nanocomposite implants. Since a different route in the quest for new promising biomaterials is based on ceramic polymer composites that are being designed to mimic the mechanical and biological performance of natural bone, for example, composites of polylactic acid and hydroxyapatite, polyethylene and hydroxyapatite as well as collagen and hydroxyapatite (see, e.g. Wang et al. [193]). Such novel materials have been designated ´intelligent´ and are defined as human-friendly materials that can change their characteristics in response to surrounding conditions, for example, varying stress fields in case of using organic-inorganic composite implant materials. The presence of the polymeric component with a low modulus acts as an ´isoelastic´ medium by reducing considerably the strong gradient of the stiffness between natural bone and pure ceramic implant and thus reduces also stress shielding with its negative consequences. While the composite at present is experimentally applied only under low-loading conditions, its use for loaded implants can be implied in future developments.